Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in southeastern Australian pig herds and implications for surveillance

To investigate public health implications of antibiotics to control post‐weaning scours, we surveyed 22 commercial pig herds in southeastern Australia. Fifty faecal samples per herd were collected from pre‐ and post‐weaned piglets. Presumptive Escherichia coli isolates were confirmed by MALDI‐TOF MS. Isolates (n = 325) were screened for susceptibility to 19 veterinary antibiotics using MIC broth microdilution. All 325 E. coli isolates underwent further testing against 27 antibiotics used in human medicine and were screened for ETEC adhesin and enterotoxin genes (F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), F18, F41, STa, STb, Stx2e and LT) by multiplex PCR. Isolates identified as phenotypically resistant to third‐generation cephalosporin (3GC) and aminoglycoside antibiotics were screened by multiplex PCR/reverse line blot to detect common β‐lactam and aminoglycosides resistance genes, confirmed by sequencing. Twenty (6.1%) of the E. coli isolates were resistant to 3GC antibiotics and 24 (7.4%) to the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin. Genetic analysis revealed six different extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) genes (blaCTX‐M‐1, ‐14, ‐15, ‐27, blaSHV‐12 and blaCMY‐2‐like genes), four of which have not been previously reported in Australian pigs. Critically, the prevalence of 3GC resistance was higher in non‐pathogenic (non‐ETEC) isolates and those from clinically normal (non‐diarrhoeal) samples. This highlights the importance of non‐ETECE. coli as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes in piglet pens. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in pig production focused on diagnostic specimens from clinically‐affected animals might be potentially misleading. We recommend that surveillance for emerging antimicrobial resistance such as to 3GC antibiotics should include clinically healthy pigs.     

有效微生物的研究及其应用

介绍了有效微生物的组成、特点、应用及其对家畜的作用机理．     

农抗2-16防治油菜菌核病效果研究

利用农抗２┐１６防治油菜菌核病效果良好。在油菜盛花期喷施农抗２┐１６水剂１００、１５０倍液,对油菜菌核病防效分别达８２．６％和７８．１％,其防效高于４０％治萎灵可湿性粉剂（９００ｇ／ｈｍ２）和５０％多菌灵可湿性粉剂（３０００ｇ／ｈｍ２）,低于３６％粉霉灵悬浮剂（１５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ２）。喷施农抗２┐１６,能有效地减轻主茎发病,降低病情指数。     

Prevalence,geographic distribution and phenotypic differences of Piscirickettsia salmonis EM‐90‐like isolates

Early reports accounted for two main genotypes of Piscirickettsia salmonis, a fish pathogen and causative agent of piscirickettsiosis, placing the single isolate EM‐90 apart from the prototypic LF‐89 and related isolates. In this study, we provide evidence that, contrary to what has been supposed, the EM‐90‐like isolates are highly prevalent and disseminated across Chilean marine farms. Molecular analysis of 507 P. salmonis field isolates derived from main rearing areas, diverse hosts and collected over 6 years, revealed that nearly 50% of the entire collection were indeed typed as EM‐90‐like. Interestingly, these isolates showed a marked host preference, being recovered exclusively from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) samples. Although both strains produce undistinguishable pathological outcomes, differences regarding growth kinetics and susceptibility to the antibiotics and bactericidal action of serum could be identified. In sum, our results allow to conclude that the EM‐90‐like isolates represent an epidemiologically relevant group in the current situation of piscirickettsiosis. Based on the consistency between genotype and phenotype exhibited by this strain, we point out the need for genotypic studies that may be as important for the Chilean salmon industry as the continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.     

南美白对虾双茬淡化养殖技术研究

研究采用南美白对虾塑料大棚保温三级淡化暂养技术等措施,实现南美白对虾池塘双茬淡化养殖。养成期间水质情况良好,水温平均（26±3）℃,pH值约8．5左右,溶氧量5．6m叽以上,氧氮约0．20mg/L,亚硝酸氮0．02m班左右,每667m^2养殖产量达426．7kg,养殖效益高达4186．7元。结果表明,采用南美白对虾双茬淡化养殖技术,延长了对虾生长期,提高了池塘利用率和经济效益,具有较好的推广价值.     

恩诺沙星对红笛鲷血清中碱性磷酸酶活力、抗体IgM含量、溶菌酶含量及其抗菌能力的影响

以间隔200mg／kg的恩诺沙星设置8个浓度梯度腹腔注射红笛鲷进行急性毒性实验,测得其安全浓度为67．56mg／kg,参考安全浓度及日常生产给药量取0、20、40、80mg／kg鱼体重恩诺沙星,以腹腔注射及拌料投喂两种不同给药方式,研究恩诺沙星在该浓度范围内对红笛鲷血清中一些免疫指标及其感染细菌后死亡率的影响。实验结果表明恩诺沙星在40m非g浓度组中提高AKP活力、IgM含量、溶菌酶含量的同时可提高红笛鲷抵抗外界细菌感染的能力（P〈0．05）。当用药浓度不足（20mg/kg组）或浓度过高（80mg／kg组）,虽然对AKP活力和IgM含量也有影响,但在投喂组中,红笛鲷体内的IgM含量受抑制显著,经腹腔注射2．3×10^7 CFU／mL溶藻弧菌 （ Vibrio alginolyticus ）攻毒后,注射组中相对生理盐水组的死亡率55％;20、40、80mg／kg浓度组红笛鲷的死亡率分别为45％、30％、50％;投喂组中,0、20、40、80mg,kg浓度组红笛鲷的死亡率分别为55％、40％、30％、60％;40mg／kg浓度组中抗菌能力增强;20、80mg／kg浓度组中红笛鲷抗菌能力不受影响或有负面影响。     

Evaluation of dietary natural mineral materials as an antibiotic replacer on growth performance,non‐specific immune responses and disease resistance in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

We evaluated the effects of some dietary natural mineral materials as an antibiotic replacer based on growth performance, non‐specific immune responses and disease resistance in juvenile and subadult rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. First experiment, juvenile rainbow trout averaging 2.7 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the six experimental diets; a basal commercial diet as a control (CON), CON with oxytetracycline (OTC), with yellow loess (YL), with Macsumsuk^® (MS), with Song‐Gang^® stone (SG) and with barley stone (BS) at 0.4% of each diet. At the end of 8‐week feeding trial, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed YL diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed CON diet. Non‐specific immune responses such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme (LYS) activity and oxidative radical production of fish fed YL diet were higher than those of fish fed CON diet. At the end of 15 days of challenge test with Aeromonas salmonicida, average cumulative survival rate of fish fed YL diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed BS and CON diets. However, there were no significant differences among fish fed YL, SG and OTC diets. Second experiment, subadult rainbow trout averaging 261.5 ± 3.5 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the four experimental diets for 22 weeks: CON, and CON with OTC, YL or SG at 0.4% of each diet. At the end of feeding, growth performance of fish fed SG and YL diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed CON diet. Non‐specific immune responses in terms of SOD, MPO, LYS and NBT of fish fed SG and YL diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed CON diet. However, there were no significant differences among the fish fed YL, SG and OTC diets. The results indicate that dietary yellow loess or Song‐gang^® stone at 0.4% of diet could replace oxytetracycline in juvenile and subadult rainbow trout.     

Determination of selected antibiotics in farmed fish species using LC‐MS/MS

The aim of the study was to monitor the occurrence of 37 antibiotics from different classes including fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, macrolide, sulphonamide, penicillin, amphenicol and cephalosporin in three different farmed fish species (n = 75; rainbow trout, see bass, gilthead see bream) from five cities in Turkey. A method for LC‐MS/MS was optimized and validated to assess these antibiotics. As a result, 25 samples showed contamination with at least one antibiotic residue. The most detected antibiotics were norfloxacin (NOR) (18.7%), marbofloxacin (MAR) (12%), tetracycline (TC) (10.7), danofloxacin (DAN) (9.3%), oxytetracycline (OTC) (9.3%), tilmicosin (TLM) (8%) and enrofloxacin (ENR) (6.7%). A total of 17.3% of samples examined were found to be contaminated with residues exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The results indicate that antibiotics are frequently used in aquaculture production without the lack of knowledge. This study also revealed that the consumption of farmed fish could produce a public health concern as the level of residues for some antibiotics was much higher than MRLs.     

绿豆幼苗发育初期叶绿素生物合成的研究

为了探讨被子植物幼苗发育初期Chl生物合成和调控机制,本文采用不同波长的光照和抗生素处理,分析了光照诱导绿豆黄花幼苗发育初期Chl含量的变化和抗生素对Chl生物合成的影响.结果表明：绿豆黄化幼苗在光照最初4 h,单色光有利于Chl生物合成;光照4 h后,单色光不利于Chl生物合成;同时单色光能够诱导提早Chl b生物合成,BL的作用大于RL1和RL2;脉冲光可以诱导Chl生物合成;抗生素实验显示,在光照2 h内,Chl生物合成过程不受质体和细胞核的调控;光照2 h以后,细胞核对Chl 生物合成有明显的调控作用,光照12 h后叶绿体的发育对Chl生物合成有明显的作用.本实验从亚细胞器水平探讨了绿豆幼苗发育过程Chl生物合成的可能调控机制.     

益力素及其它抗生素与酶制剂配伍对异育银鲫生产性能的影响

试验选300尾异育银鲫夏花(均重5g左右),随机分为5组,分别饲喂相同的基础日粮、并分别添加益力素、黄霉素、维吉尼亚霉素及益力素+复合酶、益力素+植酸酶日粮,饲养56d,结果表明:3种不同抗生素中以益力素添加组试验鱼增重率较好;在配伍添加组中以益力素与复合酶配伍组增重率最好,且差异显著(P<0.05),比添加益力素组提高了9%,其饲料系数下降了10%,但各组间饲料利用率差异不显著(P>0.05)。