Activation of systemic disease resistance in pea by an avirulent bacterium or a benzothiadiazole, but not by a fungal leaf spot pathogen

Inoculation of first expanded leaves of pea seedlings with an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi , or treatment with sprays of a benzothiadiazole (20 or 100  μ g a.i. mL⁻¹), decreased the susceptibility of subsequent leaves 7 or 14 days later to challenge inoculation with Mycosphaerella pinodes . Inoculation of first leaves with a virulent strain of P. syringae pv. pisi or with M. pinodes did not decrease the susceptibility of plants to M. pinodes . Treatments effective in decreasing susceptibility to M. pinodes were similarly active against Uromyces viciae-fabae and virulent P. syringae pv. pisi . Effective treatments also enhanced the activities of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in untreated upper leaves 6 days later. Ineffective treatments for decreased susceptibility had no effect on the activity of the enzymes. None of the treatments enhanced peroxidase activities. The results are discussed in relation to the reported signalling effects of the benzothiadiazole and in relation to a suggested high activity of the avirulent P. syringae pv. pisi strain and inactivity of M. pinodes in enhancing natural signalling.     

烟草PR3b转录后剪切元件NRSE1与GUS融合表达后的可变剪切

【目的】烟草（Nicotiana tabacum L.）碱性几丁质酶基因PR3b在低烟碱突变体（nic1和nic2）中存在转录后mRNA可变剪切现象,但其可变剪切的发生机制仍不清楚。将PR3b的可变剪切元件NRSE1（nicotine- synthesis related splicing element 1）与GUS融合表达,分析NRSE1元件的独立可变剪切特性,以揭示其作用机制。【方法】利用PCR扩增方法获得PR3b cDNA序列中的NRSE1元件片段,并利用基因重组技术构建了烟草PR3b可变剪切元件NRSE1与GUS的融合表达载体。将融合表达载体导入农杆菌LBA4404后,通过农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法培育了表达NRSE1与GUS融合子的低烟碱突变体nic1和nic2及野生型烟草转基因植株;通过RT-PCR检测及GUS染色鉴定出阳性植株后,利用RT-PCR分析NRSE1与GUS融合表达后在低烟碱突变体和野生型烟草中的可变剪切特性;对转基因植株的幼苗进行乙烯（ET）和茉莉酸（JA）处理,通过GUS染色方法分析ET和JA处理对转基因植株中GUS活性的影响,并通过RT-PCR方法分析ET和JA处理对转基因植株中NRSE1与GUS融合子的可变剪切特性影响,以及对转基因植株中NRSE1与GUS融合子表达水平的影响。【结果】通过RT-PCR检测及GUS染色鉴定出表达NRSE1元件与GUS融合子的低烟碱突变体和野生型烟草转基因植株;RT-PCR检测及测序分析证明,NRSE1元件与GUS融合表达后仍能在低烟碱突变体发生高水平的可变剪切,剪切修饰区段的序列变化与烟草中PR3b的mRNA可变剪切修饰一致;利用ET和JA处理转基因植株进行的GUS染色表明,ET和JA处理对转基因植株的GUS活性有不同程度的影响;但利用ET和JA处理转基因植株进行的RT-PCR分析表明,ET和JA处理不改变NRSE1元件原有的诱导剪切特性,也不影响转基因植株中NRSE1元件与GUS融合子的表达水平。【结论】PR3b的可变剪切元件NRSE1与GUS在烟草中融合表达后,仍能在低烟碱突变体nic1和nic2中发生高水平的可变剪切;NRSE1在烟草中的可变剪切不依赖PR3b的其他mRNA区段,是烟草PR3b发生可变剪切的独立元件;ET和JA处理对NRSE1元件与GUS融合表达植株的GUS活性具有一定影响,可能存在翻译水平的调控作用。     

孕酮对绵羊输卵管上皮细胞β-防御素2表达的影响

研究孕酮(P4)对绵羊输卵管上皮细胞β-防御素2(SBD2)基因表达的影响,探讨P4调节SBD2表达的潜在机制。建立绵羊输卵管上皮细胞体外培养体系,用不同浓度(10^-6、10^-7、10^-8、10^-9、10^-10mol/L)P4分别处理绵羊输卵管上皮细胞0、2、6、12、24、48h,筛选P4诱导绵羊输卵管上皮细胞SBD2mRNA表达的最佳条件。然后使用10-6mol/L孕激素核受体拮抗剂RU486,50μmol/L蛋白激酶C(PKC)信号通路阻断剂H7预处理细胞1h,再使用P4诱导SBD2mRNA表达的最佳条件处理细胞,同时设只添加阻断剂(RU486和H7)处理组、只添加孕酮(P4)处理组和空白对照组,通过RT-qPCR技术检测SBD2mRNA的表达变化。10-9mol/LP4诱导绵羊输卵管上皮细胞6h和24h时SBD2mRNA表达显著高于对照组(P<0.01),且与P4组相比,添加RU486和H7后显著抑制了P4诱导的SBD2mRNA的表达水平(P<0.01)。P4以浓度和时间依赖性方式显著增加SBD2mRNA表达,并且诱导可能通过孕酮核受体(PR)介导的基因组途径以及PKC信号通路来提高绵羊输卵管上皮的先天免疫防御能力。     

福建省龙岩市部分地区猪伪狂犬病野毒感染血清学调查

为了探究福建省龙岩地区的2018年猪伪狂犬病野毒感染及流行概况,本试验随机选取龙岩新罗区、连城县、武平县以及长汀县的部分规模化猪场共21个,应用ELISA法对763份血清样品PRV g E抗体进行血清学调查。结果显示样品检测总阳性率为30.41%,其中保育猪、育肥猪、能繁母猪及后备母猪的阳性率分别为:25.29%、30.98%、30.85%、31.75%;用SPSS19.0对其进行差异显著性分析,结果显示不同阶段的猪群gE抗体阳性率差异不显著(P=0.741>0.05);各场场均阳性率为31.89%;各地区阳性率分别为:41.58%、18.18%、30.14%、26.29%,场均阳性率分别为41.14%、23.50%、29.60%、33.33%,对其进行差异显著性分析,结果表示不同地区之间gE抗体阳性率差异极显著(P=0.0003<0.001),即各地区之间伪狂犬病野毒感染情况差异较大,部分地区更需要加强其控制和净化措施。     

Biochemical defense mechanisms induced in winter oilseed rape seedlings with different susceptibility to infection with Leptosphaeria maculans

The activity of key biochemical defense mechanisms in seedlings of winter oilseed rape cultivars, differing in tolerance to infection with Leptosphaeria maculans, was investigated. The studied winter oilseed rape cultivars differed in their biochemical defense potential. In the resistant cultivar, a significant increase in the activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase was observed that can be regarded as a symptom of a systemic defense reaction. In addition, the resistant cultivar had a more efficient antioxidant system, that is, higher activity of specific SOD isoforms and higher level of low-molecular antioxidants. Only the resistant cultivar had three Fe-SOD sub-isoforms. A correlation between the content of cell wall-bound phenolics and hydrogen peroxide in the resistant cultivar may indicate that an important method of H₂O₂ neutralization was its participation in the process of phenolics incorporation into the cell wall. Elevated content of cell wall-bound phenolics significantly enhances the cell wall integrity, which then becomes a more effective firewall against L. maculans. Moreover, high utilization of soluble sugars during synthesis of the phenolic compounds in the pathogenesis was demonstrated in the resistant cultivar. We conclude that the key factors contributing to a greater tolerance to L. maculans were an effective antioxidant system and higher activity of PR proteins, i.e., chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase.     

Diversification of rural livelihood strategies and its effect on local landscape restoration in the semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China

This study is about the diversification of livelihood strategies and the interaction of farmers' livelihood with landscape change in Zhongzhuang small watershed, Pengyang County in Ningxia Autonomous region located in the Loess Plateau, western China. Farmers' livelihoods and landscape patterns during 1978–2007 in Zhongzhuang were analysed. In different stages, diverse limiting factors were discovered behind the diversification process of livelihood strategies. Before 1978, ‘planned economy’, ‘production team organization’, strict ‘household registration system’ and the scarcity of livelihood assets were the main factors restricting the diversification of livelihood strategies. From 1978 to 1993, the reform and open policy provided opportunities for local people to diversify their livelihood strategies, but livelihood strategies based on crop production still took an important role in their life. From 2000 to 2007, national policies brought assistance to help local farmers diversify their agricultural activities. However, the insufficient and incomplete credit and insurance market and lack of skill were the main factors constraining non‐farm activity diversification. Meanwhile, through analysis of the links between livelihood strategies diversification and landscape pattern change, we found that diversification of farmers' livelihoods contributed to the recovery of the landscape. Finally, using this relationship, steps for future landscape restoration is proposed, which provide a new view of landscape restoration research in the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using Cs‐137 fingerprinting technique to estimate sediment deposition and erosion rates from Yongkang depression in the karst region of Southwest China

Understanding the erosion and deposition rates is very important for designing soil and water conservation measures. However, existing methods of assessing the rates of soil loss present many limitations and are difficult to apply to in karst areas, and there is still very little data in this areas. Karst depressions comprise geomorphologically important sources and sinks for sediments and can provide the long‐term history records of environmental changes. But there have been few similar studies focused on its sediments in the world. In this paper, the Cs‐137 technique was employed to estimate the sediment deposition rate of karst depression to assess the surface erosion. The results indicate that the average deposition rate, deposition amount and specific deposit yield for the Yongkang catchments since 1963 were estimated to be 4·32 mm y⁻¹, 3·16 t y⁻¹and 20·53 t km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. The results obtained were consistent with the actual monitoring data of local runoff plots, and confirm the validity of the overall approach. So it was suggested that the mean specific sediment yields of 20 t km⁻² y⁻¹ can be representative of the soil loss rates in the regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of dune stabilization on the plant diversity of interdune wetlands in northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Maintaining species richness and conserving endemic or rare species in dune areas has been a research focus in recent years. However, few reports can be found on how dune stabilization affects species composition in the interdune wetland. This paper is to elucidate how dune stabilization in the northeastern Inner Mongolia of China is linked to plant diversity in the interdune wetland of different sizes. We selected 11 interdune wetlands of different sizes in both stabilized and active dunes, respectively. The change in species richness between the active and stabilized dunes was compared. Total species number in the interdune wetland increased logarithmically with the enlargement of wetland area for both stabilized and active dunes. However, when the area was the same, species number in stabilized dunes was 15 more than that in active dunes. Pioneer species number in interdune wetlands increased with the increase in wetland area for both stabilized and active dunes, but not statistically significant. However, when the area was the same, species number in stabilized dunes was slightly 1 fewer than that in active dunes. Artemisia wudanica, an endemic pioneering dune semishrub, was found in 9 of 11 investigated interdune wetlands of active dunes, but did not occur in 11 investigated interdune wetlands of stabilized dunes. We concluded dune stabilization in the northeastern Inner Mongolia, on one hand, raises species richness, and on the other, leads to the loss of endemic or rare pioneer species in interdune wetlands. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重组高繁殖力疫苗株H5N2(H5/PR8)病毒的制备和鉴定

作为禽流感疫苗株,不但要求其具有良好的免疫原性,而且要求在生产中具有良好的生长特性,现用的A/Turkey/England/N28/73(H5N2)疫苗株,血凝价28,生长滴度较差.本研究利用自然重组法,预制备一株高繁殖力的预备疫苗株,使它的表面基因血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)来源于A/Turkey/England/N28/73(H5N2)毒株,并使其保持原有的良好的免疫原性,内部基因来源于流感病毒PR8,A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)毒株,并使其重组病毒赋有了流感病毒PR8高繁殖力的特性.实验结果表明,已获得一株高繁殖力的重组流感病毒H5/PR8,血凝价达到211,生长繁殖特性明显增强.抗原性分析显示,H5/PR8重组病毒与亲本毒株H5N2抗原性无明显差异;致病性分析发现,H5/PR8重组病毒的致病能力较亲本毒株H5N2有明显下降.这为疫苗株的改良奠定了坚实的基础,对禽流感灭活疫苗的生产具有重大意义.     

Induction of systemic resistance by a hypovirulent Rhizoctonia solani isolate in tomato

A polynucleate Rhizoctonia isolate (R3) was analysed for virulence, growth characteristics, enzyme production and presence of dsRNAs. Taxonomic position was assessed morphologically and by anastomosis group (AG) testing and ITS sequence analysis. Results indicated that R3 is a hypovirulent R. solani AG 4. Mechanisms underlying biocontrol towards virulent R. solani and Botrytis cinerea were investigated and plant-mediated resistance was followed using biochemical markers of defence (PR1, laminarinase, chitinase). Control apparently relies on spatial and nutrient competition in soil, and on systemic induced resistance. This is the first report on induction of systemic resistance and of defence markers by a hypovirulent strain of R. solani.