融合面向对象与缨帽变换的湿地覆被类别遥感提取方法

为了有效提取湿地覆被类别遥感信息,该文基于国产环境星影像(HJ-CCD)和Landsat7遥感影像(ETM)提出了一种融合面向对象技术和缨帽变换的提取湿地覆被信息的方法,并对东洞庭湖区的湿地进行提取。遥感提取结果的总体精度90.02%,Kappa系数0.88,高于传统的分类方法分类的量化结果;获得的结果没有"椒盐现象"且比较紧致。试验结果表明融合面向对象和缨帽变换的方法能够有效的提取湿地覆被类别,精度高,效果好。研究结果为有效地利用遥感手段提取湿地覆被信息提供参考。     

湿地类型与格局对城市发展取向的制约作用

湿地是地球上独特的地理综合体和水陆复合生态系统,为城市提供了发展空间,并成为城市生态环境最重要的组成部分。城市湿地蕴涵强大的综合功能,不仅为城市发展提供重要的水资源和生态环境保障,而且城市湿地类型和格局对城市发展的取向具有重要的制约作用。湿地类型制约城市性质的形成,湿地格局制约城市景观生态结构及城市发展的取向;在对城市资源与环境的支持上,不同湿地类型的城市表现出不同特征,河流-海洋湿地融汇格局有利于城市向顶极形态发展。     

基于RS与GIS的北京近30年湿地景观格局变化分析

利用RS图像处理和GIS信息提取和分析功能,确定北京市区域湿地的景观分类系统,获取北京湿地景观数据。同时,基于Fragstats软件,运用景观生态学原理,通过选取景观面积指数、斑块数及斑块密度、斑块聚集度、景观形状指数、斑块分维数和景观多样性指数等空间结构指标,从景观水平上研究了1978—2005年近30年来北京湿地景观分布格局特征的动态变化过程。结果表明:1)北京地区的湿地资源面积呈现显著退化趋势,湿地面积由1978年的68491.63hm2减少到2005年的31416.31hm2,减少了54.0%;2)1978—2005年,北京湿地斑块趋向于不规则化,破碎程度急剧增加,导致湿地易消退、湿地功能难以发挥;3)随着人类干扰强度的增加,北京湿地类型多样性指数值在1.2以上,与均匀度指数呈明显正相关关系,二者均有增加趋势。     

东北地区沼泽湿地空间分布格局及其影响因素分析

在分析东北地区沼泽湿地空间分布格局的基础上,利用逐步回归模型筛选出影响湿地空间分布的生态因子。研究结果表明,沼泽湿地的空间分布格局受气候、水文、地貌和人类活动等条件的制约,其中相对湿度和年平均降雨量有利于沼泽湿地的形成,而人口密度、坡度和气温不利于沼泽湿地的形成。     

中国鸭绿江口滨海湿地植物区系组成、性质和特征

为了揭示中国河口滨海候鸟栖息地植物区系特征,采用线路和样地调查法,对鸭绿江口滨海湿地维管植物区系进行了研究。结果表明:研究区植物种类丰富,共有维管植物83科234属365种,科、属组成的优势现象明显;区系具有一定的古老性,但特有程度低;单种属和少种属数量较多,具有一定生态脆弱性;区系地理成分复杂,分布区类型多样;温带成分优势明显,热带成分比较丰富,显示出植物交汇的特点;中国滨海湿地植物区系相似性呈现由北向南依次降低的格局。建议应加强植被管理和保护,为候鸟迁徙和地区生态安全创造良好的环境。     

Response of seasonal pond plant communities to upland forest harvest in northern Minnesota forests,USA

Small seasonally flooded forest ponds have received increased attention due to a growing recognition of their abundance in many landscapes, their importance as habitat for a variety of organisms, and the contributions they make to species and ecosystem diversity. There also is concern over potential negative effects of forest management in adjacent uplands on seasonal pond ecology. Several studies have examined invertebrate and songbird responses to upland harvest around seasonal ponds. Less attention has been given to examining how seasonal pond plant communities respond to adjacent forest harvesting. We studied the response of seasonal pond plant communities to adjacent upland timber harvests, assessing whether buffers around ponds (15.25 m uncut and partially cut) mitigated changes in species abundance and community composition, relative to changes in ponds that were clearcut to the pond margin. We addressed our objective using an operational-scale experiment in northern Minnesota, which included pre-harvest sampling, replicated treatments, and uncut controls. After treatment, changes in tree basal area and canopy openness in the pond basins reflected reductions in upland basal areas. Specifically, control ponds had significantly higher basal area and lower openness than ponds cut to their margins, while ponds with uncut buffers and partially cut buffers were intermediate. Changes in plant communities were evident in the ground layer and shrub/large regeneration layer. After treatment and over time, the control stands did not change significantly in ground layer structure or shrub/large regeneration layer composition. The three upland harvest treatments displayed increasingly greater deviation from their starting conditions and from the control along a gradient of increasing treatment intensity, from the buffer treatment to the partially cut buffer to the clearcut. The response in the ground layer was largely associated with increased sedge and grass cover, while the response in the shrub/large regeneration layer was associated with increases of Salix sp., Alnus incana, and Populus tremuloides. Our results indicate that adjacent upland timber harvest can lead to altered plant communities within seasonal ponds, at least temporarily. Moreover, uncut forest buffers (∼15.25 m) surrounding seasonal ponds can mitigate plant community changes to some degree. If seasonal ponds are an important resource on the management landscape and a high percentage of upland forest is in a recently cut condition at any given time, than use of harvest buffers around seasonal ponds may be an appropriate approach for mitigating short term alteration of pond plant communities.     

不同管理措施对长江口围垦湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸的影响

以崇明东滩的长江口典型芦苇湿地作为试验地点,通过对研究样地冬春季土壤呼吸及表层土壤温度、含水量的测定,探讨不同刈割期和还田处理对湿地芦苇土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,晚期刈割且还田措施显著增加了土壤呼吸强度,而早期刈割且不还田措施显著降低了土壤呼吸强度。湿地土壤呼吸与土壤温度和水分的相关性分析显示,土壤呼吸与表层土壤温度具有显著的指数关系,而与表层含水量的关系较低,二者的共同作用可以解释土壤呼吸变化的88%～93%,表明不同的管理措施可显著影响湿地生态系统中的土壤碳排放。     

人工湿地植物应用现状与问题分析

为了在人工湿地设计与施工时更好地确定植物类型,在分析中国目前人工湿地植物的主要应用类型的基础上,提出了水生类型、湿生类型、陆生类型的人工湿地植物分类新方法。同时,对人工湿地不同植物品种和不同季节的去污效果研究进行综述,最后分析出人工湿地植物研究存在着应用的植物种类少、景观价值低、受环境影响大、二次污染、植物净化机制有待进一步加强了解的5个主要问题,并提出研究发展的3个方向。     

Noncontinuous Development of Reducing Conditions in Wetland Soils

Abstract

Soil aeration status in relation to water table was analyzed by contour mapping in a forested wetland, an emergent marsh, and an irrigated rice field. Two soil aeration status indicators, oxygen (O₂) and redox potential (Eh), showed a significant correlation (P<0.01). Soil O₂ and Eh levels generally decreased with the water table rise in the forested wetland and marsh, but with a noncontinuous pattern. The results indicate that soil aeration status could be temporally improved at an optimum water table level, probably due to O₂ transport by wetland plants. The soil Eh in the rice fields clearly showed a seasonal pattern regardless of the water tables.     

基于水流模型的串联式水平潜流湿地除磷效果分析

为了探究串联式水平潜流湿地内部水流规律及其对水禽污水的处理效果,对三级串联式水平潜流湿地运行效果进行了连续监测,分析了单位面积总磷(total phosphorus,TP)去除率月变化,进水流量和水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对出水TP质量浓度的影响,并通过推流式反应器模型(plug-flow,PF)、扩散流模型(dispersed-flow,DF)和串联反应器模型(tanks-in-series,TIS)对水流形态进行了描述。结果表明:单位面积磷去除率随处理单元(P1,P2,P3)增加而降低(P1:(0.11±0.09)g/(m2·d)、P2:(0.08±0.03)g/(m2·d)、P3:(0.05±0.01)g/(m2·d));进水流量小于55 m3/d时,增加进水流量可提高P1单位面积去除率,但会降低P2和P3单位面积去除率,P2和P3在HRT85 d时对HRT具有较强敏感性,各处理单元最佳进水流量和HRT分别为P1:55 m3/d,166 d;P2:3.4 m3/d,151 d;P3:9.5 m3/d,176 d;P1在6月单位面积TP去除量大于释放量,P2和P3在7月-9月均存在TP净释放过程;P1(k:0.663~0.751 cm/d)理化环境较P2(k:0.641~0.722 cm/d)和P3(k:0.429~0.458 cm/d)更有利于除磷;TIS模型(R2:0.567~0.883,P0.05)对出水质量浓度的拟合大于DF(R2:0.510~0.723,P0.05)和PF模型(R2:0.465~0.626,P0.05),表明实际水流形态更接近混合流。该研究对于深化水平潜流湿地内部水流规律认识,全面了解不同运作下磷迁移转化机制提供参考。