洞庭湖湿地生态系统及其评价

洞庭湖湿地是我国最重要的湿地生态系统之一,它包括了河流、淡水湖泊、淡水沼泽、以树木为主的湿地生态系统以及以芦苇为主的沼泽湿地生态系统等子系统。文章在论述洞庭湖区自然生态系统的基础上从湿地生态系统的功能性、多样性、特殊性和脆弱性等方面进行了评价。     

Distribution,habitat associations and conservation implications of Sri Lankan freshwater terrapins outside the protected area network

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Complementary use of natural and artificial wetlands by waterbirds wintering in Doñana,south‐west Spain

• 1. The Doñana wetland complex (SW Spain) holds more wintering waterfowl than any other wetland in Europe.
• 2. This study focused on the use made by 12 common waterbirds (eight ducks and four waders) of the natural seasonal marshes in Doñana National Park (DNP) and the adjacent Veta la Palma (VLP) fish ponds created in the early 1990s. Data used were from aerial and terrestrial surveys collected between October and February during six consecutive winters from 1998/99 to 2003/04. Changes in distribution of each bird taxon were related to changes in the extent of flooded marshes within DNP. Up to 295 000 ducks were counted in VLP during dry periods, and up to 770 000 in DNP when it was flooded.
• 3. The timing and extent of flooding in DNP was highly variable, but there was a consistent pattern in which ducks concentrated in VLP during dry months and winters but redistributed to DNP as more of it was flooded. This refuge effect was also strong for black‐tailed godwits Limosa limosa, but much less so for other waders. Waders feed mainly on invertebrates, and invertebrate biomass in VLP was found to be higher than in DNP. Ducks feed mainly on seeds and plant material, which are more abundant in DNP when flooded.
• 4. When water levels in DNP were stable over the course of a winter, or controlled for in multivariate models, the numbers of ducks at VLP declined over time, probably due to reduced availability of plant foods. In contrast, numbers of waders at VLP were more stable, and their invertebrate prey became more abundant over time, at least in the winter 2003/4.
• 5. In this extremely important wetland complex, the value of natural and artificial wetlands for wintering waterbirds are complementary, providing suitable habitat for different species and for different conditions in a highly variable Mediterranean environment.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二百方子沼泽湿地沉积物重金属分布特征研究

选取霍林河下游二百方子沼泽湿地为研究对象 ,采用重力沉积芯采样钻钻孔采样与剖面切割采样相结合的方法 ,采集了 8个沉积柱芯及剖面 ,对沉积物重金属元素Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Co、Pb、Fe、Mn及pH、总有机碳 (TOC)、全氮 (TN)在剖面中的分布进行高分辨率研究。结果显示 ,剖面上部沉积物表层沉积序列内已明显富集了Fe、Mn、Zn等重金属 ,并与TOC含量呈显著相关。与此相反 ,大多数沉积柱芯下层的重金属含量相对较低并接近地球化学天然背景水平。研究表明 ,高分辨率取样易找出元素间相关性。越靠近河流 ,淹没频率越高 ,沼泽湿地表层沉积物中重金属元素含量越高。     

丽江拉市海国际重要湿地生态修复方案探究

拉市海国际重要湿地是我国重要的候鸟越冬栖息地之一,针对其整体环境整治问题,地方政府和管理部门做了大量工作,取得了较好成效,但还存在退化沼泽湿地急需修复、退养鱼塘急需生态修复、入湖河道急需治理等问题,基于此,提出退化沼泽湿地、退塘还湿、入湖河段生态修复以及破碎化湖滨带治理、外来物种防控等生态修复方案。通过湿地生态修复,湿地整体生态环境得到改善,候鸟栖息地、食源地得到修复,湿地植被和生物多样性明显增加,湿地景观得到优化,湿地生态服务功能有所提高。     

鹤庆县草海湿地保护现状与对策探讨

指出了保护湿地，对维护生态平衡，改善人居生态环境，实现人与自然和谐共处，促进经济社会可持续发展，具有十分重要的意义；保护湿地、可持续利用湿地，维护良好的生态环境，实现人与自然的和谐相处已迫在眉睫，刻不容缓。     

钳嘴鹳迁徙途经西双版纳期间觅食生境选择初探

钳嘴鹤迁徙期觅食生境选择研究在国内还未见报道，2012年5月31日至9月13日多次对迁徙途径西双版纳的钳嘴鹳觅食生境选择情况进行调查。结果发现，钳嘴鹳觅食生境选择的主因子是人为干扰、水、食物、隐蔽物，最适觅食生境是无人类干扰的、植被覆盖率较低的、有相对稳定食物的浅水湿地。     

Loss of Ostracoda biodiversity in Western Mediterranean wetlands

• 1. The coastal area of Valencia (Spain) in the Western Mediterranean is rich in freshwater and brackish wetlands. These areas are mostly protected for bird conservation but are also highly affected by human impacts. Six shallow lakes located in Ramsar wetland sites of this area were studied in order to assess past and present ostracod biodiversity and relate it to the status of the lakes, taking into consideration the indicator value of these easily fossilizable crustaceans.
• 2. In all the wetlands studied, ostracod taphocoenoses showed much higher species richness than the corresponding biocoenoses. This is expected from the time accumulative character of the taphocoenosis, but the trend is clearly evident in the most disturbed sites which indicated loss of ostracod diversity owing to human impacts.
• 3. By considering the ecology of most frequent species, multivariate ordination of both tapho- and biocoenoses showed trends within and between lakes in their limnological status, which were related mainly to water chemistry, and also to temporality and eutrophication to a certain extent. Some lakes have apparently lost most of their past ostracod community owing to an increasing trophic status in some cases and to modifications of the hydrological regime in others.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型岩溶流域不同湿地水体氮磷分布及富营养化风险评价

【目的】探索岩溶流域不同湿地水体中氮、磷的分布特征及富营养化风险,为岩溶地区的湿地和水资源保护提供理论依据及技术参考。【方法】以滇东南典型岩溶流域普者黑为研究区,通过对流域内沼泽湿地、库塘湿地、河流湿地、湖泊湿地的枯水期、平水期和丰水期水质进行监测,测定不同湿地水体中氮(总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH_3-N))、磷(总磷(TP)和正磷(PO_4~(3-)-P))和溶解氧(DO)质量浓度的变化,并利用对数型幂函数普适指数对水体富营养化风险进行了评价。【结果】普者黑岩溶流域不同湿地水体中氮、磷质量浓度的时空分布特征明显,在丰水期最高,达到Ⅳ类水质标准,枯水期最低。湿地水体中,TN、NH_3-N和TP、PO_4~(3-)-P最高质量浓度均出现在丰水期的河流湿地中,分别达到1.72,0.95和0.113,0.035 mg/L,DO质量浓度在平水期的库塘湿地最高,达7.97 mg/L;枯水期湖泊湿地水体中TN、NH_3-N和TP、PO_4~(3-)-P质量浓度最低,分别为0.18,0.13和0.016,0.006 mg/L,在丰水期的沼泽湿地DO质量浓度最低,为4.39 mg/L。在不同类型的湿地中,氮、磷质量浓度由高到低表现为河流湿地库塘湿地沼泽湿地湖泊湿地,湿地大部分水体在不同时期均处于中等营养化状态,属磷限制状态。【结论】普者黑岩溶流域4种湿地水体在丰水期的富营养化程度为中等等级,面临水质恶化的风险,因此需合理利用及保护现有湿地,保证岩溶水资源有效补给,同时减少人类活动对水资源的污染。     

Riley encased methodology: principles and processes of mangrove habitat creation and restoration

Riley encased methodology (REM) was developed for the purpose of establishing mangroves along highenergy shorelines, revetments, and bulkheads where natural recruitment no longer occurs and where conventional planting methods are ineffective. The principles of REM include the processes of individual seedling isolation within tubular encasements and adaptation of the juvenile plant to the external environment of the restoration site. The success of REM results from specifications for encasement preparation, propagule or seedling selection, and positioning of both encasements and seedlings according to elevation and tidal regimes.