How “The Blob” affected groundfish distributions in the Gulf of Alaska

We investigated the distributional shifts of groundfish in response to anomalous ocean conditions, particularly the recent anomalously warm period (2014–2016; “The Blob”), based on data from ten Gulf of Alaska bottom trawl surveys conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center during 1996–2015. Six groundfish species were considered: Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and southern rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata). Ontogenetic differences were examined by dividing data for each fish species into size classes. Our study demonstrated that after accounting for size‐specific depth preferences, the spatial responses of groundfish to anomalous ocean conditions differed by species and foraging guild in the central Gulf of Alaska. Pacific cod and arrowtooth flounder showed similar responses to ocean warming, but different responses to cooling. In general, Pacific cod moved to deeper depths in warmer years and moved to shallower depths in colder years. Arrowtooth flounder also moved deeper in warmer years. However, in colder years, large arrowtooth flounder (>40 cm) shifted toward shallower depths while smaller‐sized fish shifted toward deeper depths. In warmer years, large pollock (>30 cm) moved to deeper waters while smaller pollock (10–20 cm) moved to shallower waters. Pacific ocean perch exhibited an opposite response to thermal changes in habitat compared with Pacific cod and arrowtooth flounder. They moved deeper in colder years, but there was no clear change in depth as a function of size in response to warmer habitat.     

大眼鰤鲈鱼真皮肿瘤病毒（WDSV）辅助基因orfA与orfC重组腺病毒的制备及应用

【目的】扩增大眼鰤鲈鱼真皮肿瘤病毒(WDSV)辅助基因orfA和orfC,制备orfA和orfC重组腺病毒,并感染Hela229和SPC-A-1细胞,以检测orfA和orfC对肿瘤细胞的影响。【方法】从pWDSV全长表达载体中扩增WDSV辅助基因orfA和orfC,构建orfA和orfC基因的重组腺病毒载体以及对照空载体,采用脂质体介导法转染HEK293细胞进行包装和扩增,用绿色荧光蛋白法测定重组腺病毒的滴度;将重组腺病毒转染肿瘤细胞Hela229和SPC-A-1,采用Weastern Blot方法检测基因orfA和orfC的表达情况,并用MTT法检测其对肿瘤细胞Hela229和SPC-A-1的影响。【结果】PCR扩增获得了891bp的orfA基因和360bp的orfC基因,成功构建了对照空载体pAdEasy-l-CK和含有orfA和orfC基因的腺病毒载体pAdEasy-l-orfA和pAdEasy-l-orfC,转染HEK293细胞并进行包装后获得了重组腺病毒Ad-CK、Ad-orfA和Ad-orfC,用Hela229细胞测得其滴度分别为5.67×109,2.00×109和7.33×108 GFU/mL。重组腺病毒对肿瘤细胞Hela229和SPC-A-1的生长具有抑制作用。【结论】初步证明了orfA和orfC基因对人类肿瘤细胞Hela229和SPC-A-1的生长具有抑制作用,为进一步研究WDSV辅助基因对人类肿瘤的影响以及肿瘤萎缩的分子机理奠定了基础。     

The effect of vitamins C and E in (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids-enriched Artemia nauplii on growth, survival, and stress resistance of fresh water walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of enriching Artemia nauplii with vitamin C (ascorbyl-6 palmitate) or vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate), 20% w/w, together with a mixture of concentrated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) on the growth, survival, and stress resistance of fresh water walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae. Either cod liver oil (CLO) or EPA/DHA ethyl esters concentrate was used as lipid sources in the Artemia enrichment. Walleye larvae were fed ad libitum for 40 days. At day 40, submersion in salt water (25 g L⁻¹) was performed to evaluate larvae resistance to stress. EPA and DHA levels in walleye juveniles fed EPA/DHA-enriched Artemia increased significantly, by an average of 650% compared with fish fed non-enriched Artemia . A significant increase was found for vitamins C (71.8 ± 1.0 and 42.7 ± 1.2 μg g⁻¹ wet weight (WW)) and E (17.0 ± 3.7 and 6.5 ± 0.9 μg g⁻¹WW) concentrations in fish fed enriched and unenriched Artemia , respectively. Growth was comparable throughout treatments, whereas survival was significantly higher in fish fed CLO-enriched Artemia nauplii compared with fish fed Artemia nauplii enriched with EPA/DHA concentrate. The addition of vitamin C increased fish survival by 1.4-fold compared with fish fed Artemia enriched with only EPA/DHA concentrate. The survival of the latter was similar to control fish ( Artemia without enrichment). The supplementation of vitamin E did not affect fish survival significantly. Stress tests revealed that the resistance of walleye larvae to salinity changes increased when Artemia enrichment was supplemented with vitamin C. However, walleye larvae fed CLO-enriched Artemia had the best performances in the stress test.     

狭鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽对大鼠关节炎模型中氧化应激和炎症因子的影响

[目的]建立大鼠关节炎模型,探讨狭鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽对大鼠关节炎模型的抗氧化和抗炎机理.[方法]采用切断左侧髌韧带及跟腱法建立大鼠关节炎模型;治疗组给予不同剂量的狭鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽灌胃;采用HE染色观察大鼠关节软骨的组织病理学变化;采用酶联免疫法检测大鼠血清中氧化损伤相关指标丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量;采用ELISA法测定大鼠血清炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白介素-1(IL-1)的含量.[结果]狭鳕鱼皮预防组、狭鳕鱼皮剂量Ⅰ组、狭鳕鱼皮剂量Ⅱ组关节软骨的损伤得到改善,骨关节炎大鼠血清中的MDA、NO的含量明显降低,SOD和T-AOC的活性有所提高,与模型组相比差异极显著(P＜0.01).各剂量狭鳕鱼皮组大鼠血清中TNF-α和IL-1的含量都有所降低.[结论]狭鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽可以有效缓解大鼠骨关节炎的症状,其机制可能与调控体内的氧化-抗氧化的平衡体系以及抑制炎症因子的释放有关.     

Differential viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype IVb infection in fin fibroblast and epithelial cell lines from walleye,Sander vitreus (Mitchill), at cold temperatures

A cell line, WE‐cfin11e, with an epithelial‐like morphology was developed from a caudal fin of walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), characterized as distinct from the established walleye caudal fin fibroblast‐like cell line, WE‐cfin11f, and compared with WE‐cfin11f for susceptibility to VHSV IVb. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to localize the intermediate filament protein, vimentin, the tight junction protein, zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), the extracellular matrix protein, collagen I, and the viral protein, G. Although both cell lines contained vimentin, only WE‐cfin11e stained for ZO‐1 and only WE‐cfin11f stained for collagen I. Ascorbic acid increased the accumulation of collagen I and caused the appearance of collagen fibres only in WE‐cfin11f cultures. At 14 °C, both cell lines produced VHSV IVb, but the infection developed more rapidly in WE‐cfin11f. At 4 °C, both cell lines became infected with VHSV IVb as judged by the expression of viral proteins, N and G, but only WE‐cfin11f produced virus. The results suggest that cold temperatures can modulate viral tropism.