坡面产流机制研究刍议

随着水文学的发展,坡面产流问题越来越受到水文学领域的重视。对坡面产流机制(这里的坡面产流包括地表径流产流和壤中流产流两个部分)的研究现状详细进行了回顾与分析,并提出了目前产流机制所面临的问题,以期推动降雨产流计算方法和流域水文模型机构的发展。     

太行山小流域降雨—径流关系及其过程的研究

观测了水源区的太行山小流域径流及降雨过程 ,分析了径流与降雨的关系。结果表明 ,流域降雨季节性变化很大 ,主要集中于 6～ 9月 ,总量达 3 89.2 mm ,占 86.5 % ,11月到翌年 5月仅 60 .75 mm。在旱季 ,流域径流量逐渐下降 ,11月到翌年 5月底减少 0 .0 0 2 3 m3/ s,此期降雨次数和量较少 ,径流量持续下降 ,11月至翌年 3月由于植物叶片枯落 ,浅层土壤水经长时间蒸发后对深层裂隙水无明显影响 ,径流量较稳定 ,进入生长季后 ,流量近至枯竭。雨季降雨是流域径流的主要来源 ,当降雨量小于 5 0 mm时 ,降雨对径流的影响很小。连续暴雨使径流迅速形成洪峰 ,在平均雨强达到 2 8.91mm / h后 ,4 h径流量达最大值 0 .90 5 m3/ s,此期径流量与累积降雨量呈极显著的线性正相关。但洪峰仅持续 1～ 2 h,后期 5 7.3 m m的降雨量并未再次引起洪峰。     

Soil management for Alfisols in the semiarid tropics: erosion, enrichment ratios and runoff

Abstract. Continuous cultivation of soils of the semiarid tropics has led to significant land degradation. Soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by high runoff volumes have reduced crop yields and contributed to offsite damage. We compared a number of soil management practices (tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems) for their potential to improve crop production and land resource protection in an Alfisol of the semiarid tropics of India. Runoff and soil erosion were monitored and surface soil and sediment were analysed for nitrogen and carbon to determine enrichment ratios. Amelioration of soils with organic additions (farmyard manure, rice straw) or rotating perennial pasture with annual crops increased soil carbon and nitrogen contents and reduced runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss. Soil erosion totalled less than 7 t ha^–1, but enrichment ratios were often greater than 2 resulting in up to 27 kg N ha^–1 and 178 kg C ha^–1 being lost in sediment. Up to an extra 250 mm of water per year infiltrated the soil with organic additions and was available for crop water use or percolation to groundwater. The results show that there are good opportunities for reducing degradation and increasing productivity on farms.     

坡面径流类型对侵蚀产沙及水沙传递关系的影响

降雨-径流格局对土壤侵蚀过程具有重要影响,以团山沟七号全坡面径流场1961-1969年间65次径流事件的径流泥沙数据为基础,选取历时、径流深和径流变率为径流过程的特征指标,采用K均值聚类和判别分析相结合的方法,将坡面径流划分为5种类型。其中,A型径流具有超长历时、低变率、小径流的特点,是较为特殊的类型,B、C型径流具有中长历时、中高变率、大径流的特点,D型径流具有短历时、低变率、小径流的特点,是最为普遍的类型。E型径流具有中历时、中变率、中径流的特点。不同径流类型下的输沙模数、平均含沙量及最大含沙量由大到小依次为:CBEDA,B、E、C型径流应是坡面径流调控的重点。不同径流类型输沙模数的差异主要来源于径流量(深)的变化,相同径流量(深)条件下,不同径流类型输沙模数的差异主要来源于由径流历时和径流变率所引起的水沙传递关系的改变;与A型径流相比,其作用使D、E、B、C型径流的输沙模数相对增大7.9、6.3、4.8和4.5倍,增大倍数随径流量(深)的增加呈逐渐减小趋势。通过构建包含主要径流特征指标的动力参数ξ,对不同径流类型及径流阶段的径流-泥沙传递关系进行数学描述,其最优回归关系均符合S=alnξ+b的一般形式,能合理解释不同径流类型及不同径流阶段含沙量变化的主要驱动因素。研究结果可为坡面径流类型划分、水沙传递关系构建、全面评估坡面径流调控系统的水土保持意义、进一步丰富坡面径流调控理论的内涵提供一定的参考。     

千岛湖流域坡地利用结构对径流氮、磷流失量的影响

通过对千岛湖流域典型坡地各种坡地利用方式降雨径流中总氮 (TN)、可溶氮 (DN)、总磷 (TP)和可溶磷(DP)浓度的监测 ,发现不同坡地利用方式中总氮和总磷浓度变异较大 ,总体说来 ,甘薯地和园地等有人工耕种的坡地流失浓度最大 ,草地和林地等受人工影响干扰少的坡地流失浓度相对较少 ,陡坡林地流失浓度大于缓坡林地。平均 DN/ TN值和 DP/ TP值变化不大 :分别为 0 .4 5和 0 .2 2左右。在不同利用方式下 ,日降雨量与氮、磷浓度的相关性均达到 95 %的显著性水平     

黄土坡面土壤侵蚀动力过程试验研究

通过玻璃水槽试验和径流冲刷试验 ,初步研究了陡坡坡面水流的流速分布和坡面薄层水流冲刷剥离土壤的过程。研究表明 :陡坡薄层水流流速在坡面上并非是呈直线分布 ,而是呈波浪式分布的 ;坡面水流的剥蚀率(Dr)与坡面径流通过坡面的能量损耗 (ΔE)的关系比其与坡面水流的平均切应力 (τ) 的关系密切 ,建立了黄土坡面土壤剥蚀率估算模型 ,利用这个关系可以直接得到土壤抗蚀性参数和细沟发生的临界能耗条件     

Rainfall variability and its influence on surface flow regimes examples from the central highlands of Ethiopia

The article shows results of an international and interdisciplinary project with the title ‘Rainfall and its Erosivity in Ethiopia’. Rainfall variability affects the water resource management of Ethiopia. The influence of rainfall variability on flow regimes was investigated using five gauging stations with data availability from 1982–1997. It was confirmed that the variability in rainfall has a direct implication for surface runoff. Surface runoff declined at most of the gauging stations investigated. Therefore, effective water resource management is recommended for the study area. Future research should focus on watershed management which includes land-use and land cover. The question posed here is whether the variability in rainfall significantly affected surface flow in the study area.     

Effects on soils and leaching after application of dolomite to an acidified forested catchment in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed,south-west Sweden

The dry forest soils (80%) of a 3.3 ha catchment in Gårdsjön, were treated with 1.5 ton/ha dolomite in 1984. In half the catchment an additional dose of 4.5 ton/ha was added in 1986 (i.e. totaly 6 ton/ha). By 1991 the concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium had increased by 450% to 800% in the humus layer and upper 0–5 cm of the mineral soils and by 500% and 300%, respectively, in the 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth in the 6 ton/ha part. By 1.5 ton, Ca and Mg increased in humus and 0–5 cm in the mineral soil. Potassium decreased in the humus and the mineral soil with both 1.5 ton and 6 ton per ha. The accumulated output of K by runoff was however only 1 kg during the 6 years until 1992, which indicates that the losses from the soil also may have resulted in increased uptake by the forest. Tree growth and nutrient content in current needles was, however, unchanged. Increased contents of Mg, Ca and Zn was observed in some species of ground vegetation. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations and fluxes in runoff were identical to the reference catchment, while inorganic Al and Mn decreased by 40–50% and H⁺ by 30%. The accumulated extra output by runoff of Mg was about 7% and of Ca 0.6% of the amounts applied by the two treatments in 1984 and 1986.     

添加生物黑炭对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响

为了寻找一种既能使作物高产、优质又环境友好的施肥模式,在天然降雨条件下,通过田间小区试验,研究了5种不同施肥模式(不施肥、纯施化肥、生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭)对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响。结果表明:与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施和有机无机肥配施对玉米产量无明显影响,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭可使玉米产量显著提高21.14%;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可提高粗蛋白含量和氮、磷肥利用率,其中对粗蛋白含量提高幅度为12.14%~19.64%,并以有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭对其提高幅度最大;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可显著减少氮、磷径流损失量,降幅分别为30.47%~59.69%和12.08%~31.22%,其中,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭的氮素径流损失降幅最大,生物黑炭与化肥共施的磷素径流损失降幅最大。因此,从提高玉米产量、品质,氮、磷肥利用率以及减少土壤氮、磷径流损失的角度综合考虑,在旱地作物种植施肥模式中推荐有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭施肥模式。