3种光照条件下六面锥型罩式人工鱼礁模型对花尾胡椒鲷的诱集效果

为了解不同光照条件下人工鱼礁的集鱼效果,观察了自然光、55W和26W3种光照条件下在试验水槽内六面锥型罩式水泥人工鱼礁模型对花尾胡椒鲷（Plectorhynchus cinctu）的诱集效果。结果表明,在未投入礁体模型情况下,试验鱼出现的密集区位于水槽左端区域,试验鱼在此区域的平均出现率分别为61．60％（自然光）、81．61％（55W）和82．07％（26W）,而试验鱼在空白礁区的出现率均低于5％;放人礁体模型后,鱼礁区试验鱼的出现率分别上升至37．60％（自然光）、23．56％（55W）和15．75％（26W）,而原密集区试验鱼的平均出现率分别下降至23．47％（自然光）、71．61％（55W）和67．59％（26W）。统计数据显示,六面锥型罩式水泥人工鱼礁模型对花尾胡椒鲷具有显著的诱集作用,其诱集效果随着光照强度的降低而减弱。     

DNA barcoding of fish eggs collected off northwestern Cuba and across the Florida Straits demonstrates egg transport by mesoscale eddies

Identifying spawning sites for broadcast spawning fish species is a key element of delineating critical habitat for managing and regulating marine fisheries. Genetic barcoding has enabled accurate taxonomic identification of individual fish eggs, overcoming limitations of morphological classification techniques. In this study, planktonic fish eggs were collected at 23 stations along the northwestern coast of Cuba and across the Florida Straits to United States waters. A total of 564 fish eggs were successfully identified to 89 taxa within 30 families, with the majority of taxa resolved to species. We provide new spawning information for Luvarus imperialis (Louvar), Bothus lunatus (Plate Fish), Eumegistus illustris (Brilliant Pomfret), and many economically important species. Data from most sites supported previously established patterns of eggs from neritic fish species being found on continental shelves and oceanic species spawning over deeper waters. However, some sites deviated from this pattern, with eggs from reef‐associated fish species detected in the deep waters of the Florida Straits and pelagic species detected in the shallow, continental shelf waters off the coast of northwestern Cuba. Further investigation using satellite imagery revealed the presence of a mesoscale cyclonic eddy that likely entrained neritic fish eggs and transported them into the Florida Straits. The technique of combining DNA‐based fish egg identification with remotely‐sensed hydrodynamics provides an important new tool for assessing the interplay of regional oceanography with fish spawning strategies.     

一种新型贝壳鱼礁的大型底栖藻类附着效果初探

在大连市长海县大长山岛海域选取A、B、C 3个区域,于2013年11月向A区和C区分别投放混凝土构件礁和新型贝壳鱼礁,B区作为空白对照区,于投礁1个月、半年和1年后对3个区域开展环境因子和大型底栖藻类资源状况调查,分析藻类群落演替规律及其与环境因子的关系,评价贝壳礁上藻类的附着效果。调查结果表明,投礁1个月后,3个区域藻类种类和数量差异较小,随着投礁时间延长,混凝土构件礁区和贝壳礁区大型底栖藻类的生物量和种类均大于空白对照区,其中贝壳礁区藻类生物量和种类增加得更为显著,且相较于另外2个区域,藻类群落结构更早趋于稳定。环境因子对藻类生物量影响的去趋势对应分析和主成分分析表明,影响不同藻类生物量的环境因子有差别。分别对3个区域的藻类群落和主要环境因子指标进行冗余分析发现,影响3个区域藻类群落变化的最主要环境因子均为水温,影响自然礁石和混凝土构件礁上藻类群落的次要因子为氮、磷营养盐等,而影响贝壳礁上藻类群落的次要因子为溶解氧和叶绿素a。     

塔型桁架人工鱼礁流场效应及稳定性

本研究利用物理模型试验和粒子图像测速技术,对塔型桁架人工鱼礁模型在6种换算流速0.031 m/s、0.063 m/s、0.095 m/s、0.126 m/s、0.158 m/s和0.190 m/s (实际流速0.2 m/s, 0.4 m/s, 0.6 m/s, 0.8 m/s, 1.0 m/s和1.2 m/s)下产生的流场效应与物理稳定性进行研究。结果表明,流速达到1.2m/s时,礁体不会发生漂移和倾覆,说明该礁型具有良好的稳定性。单体礁在45°和90°迎流方式下,最大上升流流速和上升流平均流速随来流速度增加而递增,90°摆放单体礁最大上升流流速为来流速度的15.6%～21.0%, 45°摆放单体礁最大上升流流速为来流速度的16.3%～23.5%;上升流面积和高度随来流速度的增大先增加后减小,均在来流速度为0.095 m/s时出现最大值;缓流区面积均随来流速度的增加而减小;在相同来流速度下, 45°迎流时礁体缓流区面积大于90°迎流;在45°和90°摆放方式下,缓流区长度与礁高比值均随来流速度的增加呈下降趋势,且下降趋势逐渐平缓;45°迎流时缓流区长度为礁体高度的13～24倍, 90°迎流时缓流区长度为礁体高度的11～22倍。塔型桁架人工鱼礁礁体前后没有涡流形成,但具有较好的缓流作用,在礁体后方形成了较大规模的缓流区。     

Organic matter derived from kelp supports a large proportion of biomass in temperate rocky reef fish communities: Implications for ecosystem‐based management

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A facial recognition tool and legislative changes for improved enforcement of the CITES Appendix II listing of the humphead wrasse,Cheilinus undulatus

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基于稳定同位素技术的天津大神堂海域人工鱼礁区食物网结构研究

本研究对2016年6月在天津大神堂3个礁区(2010年建成的鱼礁区;2012年建成的鱼礁区;2014年建成的鱼礁区)和对照区域采集的生物消费者及其食物源样品的碳、氮稳定同位素组成进行了分析,通过IsoSource模型计算不同区域生物的食物网基础,并利用氮稳定同位素数据计算消费者的营养级。结果显示,根据δ13C值可以将其食物源分为浮游植物、悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)和沉积相颗粒有机物(SOM)三类;浮游植物对消费者的碳源贡献率(67.2%~81.5%)最大,是大神堂海域的生物食物网的基础。不同区域同一食物源的δ13C和δ15N值没有显著性差异;礁区内滤食性贝类毛蚶(Arca subcrenata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的δ13C值显著高于对照区,作为潜在碳源的浮游植物对其的贡献率显著增加。消费者的δ15N值则介于7.70‰~14.34‰之间,消费者的营养级介于2.0~3.95级之间。游泳生物食性生物的δ15N和营养级在礁区内有所提高,礁区建成的年份越长,其营养级与对照区域的差别越显著。稳定同位素研究表明,人工鱼礁建设可能导致鱼礁区内滤食性生物的食物来源组成改变,并提高游泳生物食性生物的营养级。     

Assessing spillover from marine protected areas and its drivers: A meta‐analytical approach

Overfishing may seriously impact fish populations and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, yet the fisheries benefits remain debateable. Many MPAs include a fully protected area (FPA), restricting all activities, within a partially protected area (PPA) where potentially sustainable activities are permitted. An effective tool for biodiversity conservation, FPAs, can sustain local fisheries via spillover, that is the outward export of individuals from FPAs. Spillover refers to both: “ecological spillover”: outward net emigration of juveniles, subadults and/or adults from the FPA; and “fishery spillover”: the fraction of ecological spillover that directly benefits fishery yields and revenues through fishable biomass. Yet, how common is spillover remains controversial. We present a meta‐analysis of a unique global database covering 23 FPAs worldwide, using published literature and purposely collected field data, to assess the capacity of FPAs to export biomass and whether this response was mediated by specific FPA features (e.g. size, age) or species characteristics (e.g. mobility, economic value). Results show fish biomass and abundance outside FPAs was higher: (a) in locations close to FPA borders (<200 m) than further away (>200 m); (b) for species with a high commercial value; and (c) in the presence of PPA surrounding the FPA. Spillover was slightly higher in FPAs that were larger and older and for more mobile species. Based on the broadest data set compiled to date on marine species ecological spillover beyond FPAs' borders, our work highlights elements that could guide strategies to enhance local fishery management using MPAs.     

Macroalgal meadow habitats support fish and fisheries in diverse tropical seascapes

Canopy‐forming macroalgae can construct extensive meadow habitats in tropical seascapes occupied by fishes that span a diversity of taxa, life‐history stages and ecological roles. Our synthesis assessed whether these tropical macroalgal habitats have unique fish assemblages, provide fish nurseries and support local fisheries. We also applied a meta‐analysis of independent surveys across 23 tropical reef locations in 11 countries to examine how macroalgal canopy condition is related to the abundance of macroalgal‐associated fishes. Over 627 fish species were documented in tropical macroalgal meadows, with 218 of these taxa exhibiting higher local abundance within this habitat (cf. nearby coral reef) during at least one life‐history stage. Major overlap (40%–43%) in local fish species richness among macroalgal and seagrass or coral reef habitats suggest macroalgal meadows may provide an important habitat refuge. Moreover, the prominence of juvenile fishes suggests macroalgal meadows facilitate the triphasic life cycle of many fishes occupying diverse tropical seascapes. Correlations between macroalgal canopy structure and juvenile abundance suggests macroalgal habitat condition can influence levels of replenishment in tropical fish populations, including the majority of macroalgal‐associated fishes that are targeted by commercial, subsistence or recreational fisheries. While many macroalgal‐associated fishery species are of minor commercial value, their local importance for food and livelihood security can be substantial (e.g. up to 60% of landings in Kenyan reef fisheries). Given that macroalgal canopy condition can vary substantially with sea temperature, there is a high likelihood that climate change will impact macroalgal‐associated fish and fisheries.     

海珍品人工增殖礁模型对刺参聚集效果影响的研究

针对目前海珍品增殖的需要,进行了刺参人工鱼礁增殖实验研究。实验共分为3部分进行,即无模型礁与有模型礁的对照实验、同种材料5种形状模型礁以及两种不同材料的三角形孔洞长方体礁对比实验。实验结果表明,各种形状的模型礁投入到养殖实验池中后对刺参的平均聚集率与不投放模型礁相比差异极显著;同为水泥制的5种模型礁投入后,圆管形模型礁对刺参的平均聚集率最高,与其他4种模型礁相比差异显著;两种不同材料的三角孔模型礁投入后对刺参的平均聚集率差异不显著,水泥制模型礁高于大理石制;利用石块投石造礁对刺参也具有一定的聚集效果。