校本课程——农村小学创办科技园的探索

长期以来,农村小学对学生的要求是能理解课堂知识,可回答教师提问,但很少联系生产实际活动。根据学校条件,因地制宜创办科技园可有效提高学生的科技素养和劳动技能,促进德、智、美全面发展。以此为基础,可开发出一门＂校本课程＂。     

以人为本 发挥高校基层党组织在建设社会主义和谐社会中的作用

构建和谐社会，是我国当前社会发展的任务之一。要在以人为本理念下，发挥高校基层党组织的基础性作用、凝聚作用、推动作用和思想政治作用，使基层党组织起到凝聚人心、推动发展、做好思想政治工作的作用，促进社会稳定发展和进一步走向和谐。     

Adaptive management of stocking rates to reduce effects of drought on cow-calf production systems in semi-arid rangelands

We used simple ecological sustainability simulator (SESS) [Díaz-Solís, H., Kothmann, M.M., Hamilton, W.T., Grant, W.E., 2003. A simple ecological sustainability simulator (SESS) for stocking rate management on semi-arid grazinglands. Agric. Syst. 76, 655–680. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.07.008>], modified to represent each of five management strategies (sets of decision rules) for adjusting stocking rates, to identify strategies that could reduce effects of drought on cow-calf production systems in semi-arid rangelands. We parameterized the model to represent a region of extensive cow-calf production in the northeastern portion of the Mexican state of Coahuila, and evaluated animal performance (animal body condition, cow mortality, and calf production) and range condition resulting from each strategy under random precipitation conditions typical of the region. To evaluate the validity of the randomly generated precipitation, we conducted the simulations under an historical (1950–1994) precipitation regime.The five management strategies included one with no adjustments to stocking rate (CONTROL, most common current practice), one with stocking rate adjustment rules based on changes in animal body condition (BCS), and three with different stocking rate adjustment rules based on various comparisons of recent-year precipitation with long-term mean precipitation during the growing season (March–November) (REPLA, PPT 1Y, PPT 2Y). Each strategy was evaluated at each of three initial base-level stock cow stocking rates (125, 250 and 500 AUY · 5000 ha⁻¹). Stocking rate adjustments consisted of partial or total de-stocking, with the re-establishment, or not, of the initial number of stock cows before the beginning of the subsequent breeding season.Results of 45-year simulations under both random and historical precipitation suggest CONTROL and PPT 2Y (based on comparison of current year and previous year precipitation with the long-term mean) strategies, combined with the high base-level stocking rate, are the worst and best, respectively. Under the historical precipitation regime, in the last period of time simulated (1980–1994) these two strategies resulted, respectively, in poor (0.5) versus good range condition (1.0), animal body condition scores of 2.6 versus 5.2, annual cow mortalities of 76 versus 5%, and calf production rates of 0.9 versus 10.6 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at weaning. The PPT 1Y strategy (based on comparison of current year precipitation with the long-term mean) produced results fairly similar to PPT 2Y, with BCS and REPLA strategies producing results intermediate between CONTROL and PPT 2Y. Our results suggest it is advantageous to adjust stocking rates based on precipitation during the current growing season since it improves cattle production without damaging range condition. Considering the practical feasibility of the strategies, we recommend the PPT 1Y strategy because it maintains range condition at moderate stocking rates, results in good animal performance and does not require total de-stocking of the ranch.The simple method we developed to stochastically generate monthly precipitation produces a time series of precipitation values that were representative of general historical precipitation patterns and provided realistic levels of uncertainty in simulated forage production to evaluate alternative management strategies.     

温度、湿度、气压对截头堆砂白蚁原始繁殖蚁分飞的影响

经三年的室内试验观察，探讨了截头堆砂白蚁Cryptotermes domesticus(Haviland)原始繁殖蚁的分飞与温度、湿度、气压的关系。结果表明，该种白蚁分飞时适应的温度、湿度、气压范围较广，分飞时温度一般在25℃-30℃，相对湿度介于70％-90％，气压幅度在999百帕(hPa)-1006百帕(hPa)之间。温度在27℃-30℃之间较适宜，该种白蚁分飞次数较多，其中，28℃～29℃分飞次数最多，占总分飞次数的48.89％。相对湿度在70％-85％范围内分飞次数较多，其中相对湿度在75％-80％范围内分飞次数最多，占总分飞次数的35．35％。气压在1003百帕(hPa)～1005百帕(hPa)之间分飞次数较多，其中气压在1004百帕(hPa)-1005百帕(hPa)之间分飞次数最多，占总分飞次数的35．59％。     

浙东大棚草莓白粉病菌越夏和初侵染菌源的研究

离体和盆栽试验表明,草莓白粉病菌经38℃高温处理8 h,分生孢子不能萌发;或每天38℃处理8 h,适温下16 h连续培养4 d后病斑不再产生分生孢子。据田间试验和调查,在浙江宁波夏季自然条件下繁育草莓苗,草莓白粉病菌不能存活到秋季,但当草莓生长良好或在有明显遮阳条件下繁育苗,少数病菌可以在草莓上越夏,越夏部位多在病株9月间仍保持绿色或部分绿色的原发病部位的匍匐茎段上。     

禁牧对巴林右旗天然草地生产力及植被组成的影响

在内蒙古自治区巴林右旗不同草地类型测定了未禁牧、禁牧当年以及禁牧4年后草地生产力和植被群落构成的变化,结果表明：禁牧能够明显提高天然草地的草地生产力;对天然草地的植被组成有明显的改善作用。     

Estimating regional forest productivity and water yield using an ecosystem model linked to a GIS

We used the PnET-II model of forest carbon and water balances to estimate regional forest productivity and runoff for the northeastern United States. The model was run at 30 arc sec resolution (approximately 1 km) in conjunction with a Geographic Information System that contained monthly climate data and a satellite-derived land cover map. Predicted net primary production (NPP) ranged from 700 to 1450 g m² yr¹ with a regional mean of 1084 g m² yr¹. Validation at a number of locations within the region showed close agreement between predicted and observed values. Disagreement at two sites was proportional to differences between measured foliar N concentrations and values used in the model. Predicted runoff ranged from 24 to 150 cm yr¹with a regional mean of 63 cm yr¹. Predictions agreed well with observed values from U.S. Geologic Survey watersheds across the region although there was a slight bias towards overprediction at high elevations and underprediction at lower elevations.Spatial patterns in NPP followed patterns of precipitation and growing degree days, depending on the degree of predicted water versus energy limitation within each forest type. Randomized sensitivity analyses indicated that NPP within hardwood and pine forests was limited by variables controlling water availability (precipitation and soil water holding capacity) to a greater extent than foliar nitrogen, suggesting greater limitations by water than nitrogen for these forest types. In contrast, spruce-fir NPP was not sensitive to water availability and was highly sensitivity to foliar N, indicating greater limitation by available nitrogen. Although more work is needed to fully understand the relative importance of water versus nitrogen limitation in northeastern forests, these results suggests that spatial patterns of NPP for hardwoods and pines can be largely captured using currently available data sets, while substantial uncertainties exist for spruce-fir.     

猪流行性腹泻弱毒株的培育

用ＰＥＤＶＣＶ７７７株强毒适应Ｖｅｒｏ细胞系并传至１４７代。以ＰＥＤＶ沪株做效检用强毒。传代毒８３代之后适应了仔猪肾原代细胞。自９０代起进行了５次克隆纯化,克隆是在２次群斑（由５～７个单斑组成）的基础上,再进行３次单斑挑选（均是１ｍｍ以内小空斑）。以８３７斑５株继续传代并做系列试验。传代毒的毒价为１０７．０～１０７．５ＴＣＩＤ５０／０３ｍｌ。免疫接种途径为后海穴位。克隆后５代（总代次１０４代）～２５代的５批次主动免疫试验的总保护率为９５９２％（４７／４９）,对照组８８８％（１６／１８）发病。克隆后１７代～４０代的８批次被动免疫试验的总保护率为９６２％（７６／７９）,对照组１００％（１０／１０）发病。以克隆后２５代（总代次１２５代）进行稳定性试验,经６代次返祖传代毒力未返强,仍是稳定的,已符合弱毒株的标准。在与ＴＧＥ弱毒株组合制备的二联弱毒苗的初步田间试验中取得良好效果。     

Role of seed infection by the Ascochyta blight pathogen of dried pea (Mycosphaerella pinodes) in seedling emergence, early disease development and transmission of the disease to aerial plant parts

The role of infected seed in the epidemiology of Ascochyta blight of pea, caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes, was studied both under growth chamber and field conditions, using healthy seeds, naturally infected seeds and artificially infected seeds. Results suggest that infected seeds caused serious losses, as a result of poor germination and high transmission of the disease, to parts of the plants under soil level. Foot rot symptoms often caused the death of young seedlings. Losses were increased by low temperatures during the early stage of crop development. M. pinodes progressed from seeds to aerial parts of the plants, but no Ascochyta blight symptoms occurred, the disease remaining near to the basal parts of the plants as a foot rot symptom. This suggests that seeds cannot be regarded as a source of contamination in the epidemiology of the disease.     

吐温60和吐温80对反刍动物瘤胃和生产性能的影响

非离子表面活性剂(NIS)已经作为添加剂能有效地刺激需氧微生物的生长。本文综述了非离子型表面活性剂吐温60和吐温80在反刍动物营养中的应用。