烤烟不同供氮模式对烟叶色素和香气物质含量的影响

为生产优质烟叶提供理论依据,以贵州烟区主栽品种毕纳1号进行盆栽试验,精准控制烟株不同时期的供氮比例,研究3种氮素供应模式(处理1,伸根期20%+旺长期45%+成熟期35%;处理2,伸根期25%+旺长期55%+成熟期20%;处理3,伸根期30%+旺长期65%+成熟期5%)对烟叶质体色素和烤后烟叶香气物质含量的影响。结果表明:处理3烟叶成熟期质体色素降解速度快,烤后烟叶色素残留量低,类胡萝卜素含量最大,中部、上部烟叶分别为(177.84±5.69)μg/g和(139.93±1.13)μg/g,分别比处理2增加13.8%和20.1%,比处理1增加4.6%和10.0%,其中处理3烟叶的β-大马酮、β-二氢大马酮、巨豆三烯酮等及类西柏烷类含量、上部叶棕色化产物和新植二烯等致香成分含量均较高。前重后轻供氮模式的烟叶质量显著优于后期持续供氮模式的烟叶,有利于促进烟叶前期合成较多的质体色素,后期充分降解形成香气成分,对提高烟叶香味品质十分有利。     

Pigment deficiency correction in shrimp broodstock using Spirulina as a carotenoid source

In this study, an effort was made to cure the pigment deficiency syndrome (PDS) exhibited by pond‐reared Fenneropenaeus indicus (H.Milne Edwards) broodstock, using the blue‐green algae Spirulina as a carotenoid source in diet. The PDS symptoms included bleaching of ovary and reduced early larval performance. Biochemical analysis indicated reduced quantity of total carotenoids in egg and nauplii from the females with PDS. When PDS females were fed 30 g kg^?1Spirulina‐supplemented diet immediately after the appearance of symptoms, the egg and nauplii carotenoid values improved gradually and attained the pre‐PDS values after a minimum of 4 week period. Spirulina supplementation also improved significantly (P < 0.05) the spawn quality (hatch per spawn, nauplii per spawn, nauplii viability) and larval quality indices (P < 0.05). The egg and nauplii protein values exhibited a trend similar to carotenoids, confirming the influence of latter on protein stability previously reported by researchers. The study confirms the bioavailability of carotenoids from Spirulina to shrimp broodstock and recommends its regular inclusion in diet to preclude carotenoid deficiency‐related problems in shrimp hatcheries.     

Study on the Genetics and Development of Fiber Pigments and Color Deviation After Wetting Process of Naturally Colored Cotton

The genetic control of fiber pigment color in naturally colored cotton was studied. The expres-sion of brown and green fiber color was controlled by incompletely dominant single genes and incompletelydominant major genes, respectively. Production and accumulation of the fiber pigment were related to specialexpression of enzymatic genes for pigment synthesis in fiber cells. At the stage of fiber lengthening, naturallycolored cotton, like white cotton, appeared purely white. But when fiber cell walls entered the thickeningstage, pigment appeared by degrees. When the fiber was completely matured (on boll dehiscence), the colorreached its darkest level. After wetting process treatment, the hues of the fiber pigment changed in regularpatterns. The hue circle for brown and green cotton changed in the opposite direction with wetting processtreatment. In general, the treated cotton color and luster became dark and vivid, and this trend provided the possibili-ty for enhancing the fiber quality by suitable enviromnental friendly finishing. The analysis showed that the color andluster of the cotton may be controlled by a series of pigments which show different chemical performance.     

黑玉米色素的提取工艺及特性研究

通过正交实验，以黑玉米吸光度及净重为指标．优选出黑玉米色素提取工艺最佳条件是：pH值为9的蒸馏水，料液比1：15，40℃恒温水浴提取2次．每次lh．对黑玉米色素的稳定性研究结果表明：色素最大吸收波长为2lOnm：该色素具有较强的耐酸性、耐还原性、耐盐性．其在酸性条件下耐光性极佳。     

用二步法生产天然食用栀子蓝色素

采用微生物发酵和酶促反应分开的方法（二步法）制得色泽鲜明的栀子蓝色素。结果表明，栀子果粉中与京尼平甙共存的α－藏花素是影响色素色泽的主要因素之一。用一种大网孔树脂栀子水浸液过柱吸附，可将京尼平甙与藏花素分离。氨基酸种类对二步法形成色素的色泽影响甚大。其中亮氨酸，精氨酸和苯丙氨酸所形成色素的色泽最佳，呈美丽蓝色。     

桂花叶片水分含量及光合生理特性的研究

以柳叶桂、山桂和四季桂3个桂花品种为试材,研究了其水分、光合色素的含量以及净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率和叶绿素荧光(Fv/Fm)的日变化。结果表明:山桂和柳叶桂的各种水分和光合色素的含量差异不显著,但与四季桂差异显著,其Pn日变化和蒸腾速率日变化都呈现先上升后下降的单峰曲线;Pn峰值出现在10:00左右,而蒸腾速率的峰值出现在12:00左右,最大光化学效率日变化呈单峰曲线,但呈现先下降后上升趋势。     

抑制膳食相关酶活性的红曲霉菌株的选育

为弄清红曲霉在降脂减肥方面的作用,进一步开发红曲产物类药物应用于市场,以产红曲红色素的红曲霉菌株为出发菌株,经60Co诱变,对抑制与膳食相关的α-淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶3种酶活性的红曲霉菌株进行了选育。结果表明:选育出1株能显著抑制3种与膳食相关酶的突变菌株M3-19,菌株M3-19液体发酵产物对α-淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶有明显的抑制作用,抑制率分别为55.83%、25.4%和31.5%。经传代10代遗传稳定。     

美洲黑杨新品种全红杨叶片色素含量与叶色的对比研究

为研究全红杨叶片内在色素与外在色相的特性及其关系,探讨全红杨的呈色机制,比较分析了生长季不同时期全红杨、中红杨和2025叶片中色素含量和叶色参数的差异。结果表明,全红杨叶片含有较多的光合色素(叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素)和非光合色素(花色素苷),尤其是花色素苷含量显著高于中红杨和2025,三者叶色差异明显。全红杨色相a*值和色光值始终为正值,色相b*值为较小的正值,叶色始终以红色为主;中红杨色相a*值和色光值由正值变为负值,色相b*值为正值并逐渐变大,叶片红色转淡,出现返绿现象;2025杨色相a*和色光值为较低的负值,色相b*为较高的正值,叶片始终呈现黄绿色或绿色。此结果与叶片色素比例的变化对叶色的影响结果相一致。     

红苋草色素提取工艺及稳定性研究

对红苋草(Alternanthera bettzickiana L.)色素的提取工艺和稳定性进行了初步研究。结果表明,红苋草色素最佳提取工艺条件为体积分数2%的盐酸水溶液作为提取剂、提取温度为30℃、提取时间为1.5 h、料液比为1∶20(m∶V,g/mL)。常见食品添加剂对色素无明显影响,食盐对色素有一定的增色作用;氧化剂H2O2和还原剂NaHSO3都会导致色素降解,并且随着H2O2和NaHSO3浓度的增加,红苋草色素降解的速度加快;金属离子Mg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ca2+、K+、Na+对红苋草色素没有明显影响,Ba2+对色素具有增色作用,而Al3+可导致色素退色。在该色素的制备与使用过程中应避免其与氧化剂、还原剂和Al3+接触。     

女贞子红色素的微波辅助提取工艺及稳定性分析

采用微波辅助提取法从女贞子(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)中提取红色素,通过单因素试验和正交试验设计确定了最佳提取工艺条件,并对女贞子红色素的理化性质进行了进一步研究。结果表明,女贞子红色素微波辅助提取的最佳工艺条件是以体积分数为30%的乙醇溶液为提取剂,微波功率600 W,微波处理时间40 s,浸提温度40℃。该红色素在酸性条件下稳定性良好,对添加剂、还原剂、光照、金属离子(Al3+、Fe2+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Ni2+)等有较高的稳定性,但它的抗氧化性较弱。