腐植酸碱性液体肥对香蕉生长的影响及机制

目的 探究腐植酸碱性肥料对香蕉生长的影响及促生机制,为腐植酸碱性肥料的研制与推广应用提供理论依据。方法 采用盆栽试验,研究腐植酸碱性肥料对香蕉生物量、土壤微生物、酶活性、根系活力和土壤氮磷养分含量的影响。结果 与常规复合肥和无腐植酸碱性液体肥料相比,腐植酸碱性肥料有利于促进香蕉生长,明显增加香蕉生物量、根系活力、土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、土壤矿质氮含量、有效磷含量以及细菌、真菌和放线菌数量。香蕉叶面积增加了50~100 cm²,生物量增加了10%~21%,香蕉根系活力增加了89%~188%,土壤脲酶活性增加了25%~91%,酸性磷酸酶活性增加了2.4~3.5倍。腐植酸碱性液体肥处理的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量分别是常规肥料的1.6~14.4、1.7~26.7和2.3~3.8倍,分别是无腐植酸碱性肥的3.0~10.6、3.9~56.0和1.2~2.0倍。结论 施用腐植酸碱性液体肥能明显促进香蕉生长,其机制在于：一方面,肥料的碱性改良了土壤酸性环境而有利于土壤微生物多样性;另一方面,肥料的腐植酸增加了土壤的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,改善了土壤的氮、磷营养状况,进而增加土壤肥力。因此,施用腐植酸碱性液体肥料是为香蕉提供养分和提高土壤肥力的有效措施。     

微生物菌肥与化学肥料配施对盈江省藤生长的影响

为了解不同肥料种类及其施肥量对盈江省藤生长的影响,采用L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计对其2年生幼林进行连续3年的微生物菌肥与复合肥和磷肥配施试验。结果表明,3年中不同因素的各水平组合间苗木的地径、株高、叶片数和冠幅均呈现极显著的差异(P<0.01)。施用复合肥和磷肥总体呈现显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)地抑制盈江省藤生长的现象。不同肥料配施试验组合的地径、株高和叶片数均大于对照的相应指标。试验期间,单施微生物菌肥0.3~0.6 g/株即可满足盈江省藤生长的需求。     

盐碱地白刺不同部位微生物群落高通量分析

【目的】研究新疆盐碱环境中耐盐植物白刺的根际土壤和叶片内生微生物群落的结构丰富度和多样性。【方法】运用Novaseq测序平台对白刺根际土壤和叶片进行16SrDNA-V4区和ITS1区测序。经FLASH进行拼接,经过Qiim过滤叶绿体和线粒体序列,得到的序列在97%的序列相似性水平上聚类成为操作分类单元(OTUs)。对序列数据进行生物信息学分析,评价物种的Chao1指数、shannon指数以及Alpha多样性。【结果】白刺根际土壤细菌优势菌群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes);真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。叶片内生细菌优势菌群为蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),白刺不同部位的微生物菌群数量和多样性有显著差异(P<0.05),白刺各样地之间微生物群落构成差异明显。【结论】白刺不同部位微生物群落的丰富度和多样性分布。     

不同施肥处理对盆栽辣椒土壤酶活性及土壤微生物含量的影响

【目的】 研究氨基酸液体有机肥替代部分化肥施用后土酶活性、微生物含量的变化。【方法】 采用盆栽试验,选择2个不同品种的辣椒各设置6组处理,分别为处理CK（不施用氨基酸液体有机肥,化肥100%）,T₁（氮肥减量30%+氨基酸液体有机肥）、T₂（氮肥减量35%+氨基酸液体有机肥）、T₃（氮肥减量40%+氨基酸液体有机肥）、T₄（氮肥减量45%+氨基酸液体有机肥）和T₅（氮肥减量50%+氨基酸液体有机肥）,研究不同梯度的氮肥减施并配施氨基酸液体有机肥后对土壤生物学性状及养分含量的影响,分析其相关性。【结果】 氨基酸液体有机肥替代不同比例的化肥后,2个品种的辣椒均显示土壤脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脱氢酶活性增强,酶活性显示出先升高后变平缓或减低的趋势,酶活性会随着有机肥替代量不是成正比的关系;提高土壤细菌、放线菌的含量,抑制真菌含量;氨基酸液体有机肥替代的处理较CK对于土壤pH这项指标均表现出增高,但增高不显著。【结论】 氮肥减施并配施氨基酸液体有机化可以为有机肥缓解土壤酸化、降低EC值,T₄的替代量为最佳替代量。     

茶叶微生物研究现状与展望

微生物在茶产业中一直有应用,对茶产业的发展有着积极作用。为更好地推动微生物在茶产业中的发展,本文综述了茶树根际微生物、病原微生物、内生菌、益肥微生物以及抗逆微生物对茶园土壤、茶树生长以及茶树病害的影响,总结了黑茶及其他茶类加工过程中的微生物群落结构及动态变化以及茶叶卫生微生物的研究进展。提出需建立茶叶微生物方向,加大茶叶微生物基础研究与应用研究,推动茶叶微生物与茶科学相互融合,促进茶资源的利用与增值,从而更好地推动我国茶产业健康发展。     

微生物菌剂对设施辣椒秸秆原位堆肥土壤理化性质及细菌群落的影响

为明确微生物菌剂对设施废弃秸秆参与原位堆肥的影响,以辣椒秸秆为研究对象,利用实验室常规化学分析方法,测定堆肥理化性质,并通过 16 s rDNA 高通量测序技术分析堆肥过程细菌群落。结果表明:外源微生物菌剂可显著提高堆肥期间土壤温度,提高电导率值,促进总氮的固定,有效减少堆肥中期氮素损失。不同发酵时期细菌优势菌种不同,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)是辣椒秸秆原位堆肥过程在门水平优势细菌。克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella),芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas)是属水平优势细菌。微生物菌剂对细菌群落结构的影响主要体现在堆肥升温期和降温期。添加300 kg/hm²微生物菌剂处理堆肥最高温度比对照提高1.95 ℃,和堆肥前相比,电导率提高了1.37 ms/cm,总氮提高了24.1%,优势菌群变形菌和厚壁门在所有组内变化最显著。综上,300 kg/hm²微生物菌剂为辣椒秸秆原位堆肥最适添加量,研究结果为茄果类秸秆还田堆肥技术提供依据。     

连续施用改性生物质炭对镉铅土壤修复效果及其对微生物群落结构的影响

为探究磷酸改性生物质炭对石灰性污染土壤重金属的稳定效果及对微生物群落结构的影响,于2015—2019年选择豫北某地污染农田土壤开展连续5a的定位试验。研究选用磷酸改性稻壳生物质炭为土壤调理剂,设置土壤调理剂不同年限的连续施用处理,分析土壤有效态镉、铅含量及小麦籽粒镉、铅含量,以探究调理剂钝化效果的持续性,借助高通量测序...     

氮磷钾用量对基质培茄子产量、根系形态和根际微生物数量与酶活性的影响

【目的】研究日光温室基质培条件下,不同氮磷钾用量对茄子产量、根系生长和根际基质中微生物数量及酶活性的影响,为基质培茄子氮磷钾养分合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】采用基质槽栽和水肥一体化滴灌方式,以前期试验得到的基质配方沙子:炉渣:菇渣=6:3:1（体积比）为栽培基质,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,以目标产量施肥量（目标产量施肥量=（目标产量需肥量-基质中速效养分含量）/化肥利用率）设定100%施肥量（F4）,在此基础上,分别减少60%（F1）、40%（F2）、20%（F3）及增加20%（F5）和40%（F6）施肥量,研究氮磷钾用量对茄子产量、根系发育和根际基质微生物数量和酶活性的影响。【结果】茄子单株产量随氮磷钾用量增加呈先增高后降低的趋势,较CK增产幅度为101.1%—212.9%,F3处理下单株产量最高,比CK高212.9%（P<0.05）。根际基质中微生物以细菌为主,其次为放线菌,真菌较少。定植90 d后,随氮磷钾施用量增加,茄子根际基质中速效氮、磷、钾含量逐渐增加,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,F3处理下均较高,高氮磷钾处理（F4、F5和F6）下脲酶活性较高;根系活力、根系总长度和根系表面积呈先增加后降低的趋势,在F2处理下较高,分别较CK增加109.2%、49.2%和46.5%,差异显著。细菌数量与基质酶活性呈显著正相关,脲酶活性与速效氮、磷、钾含量呈极显著正相关,过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与速效磷、钾含量呈显著正相关;细菌数量、过氧化氢酶活性与根系活力和产量呈极显著正相关,脲酶活性、速效磷、速效钾含量与根系活力和产量呈显著正相关,根系活力与单株产量呈极显著正相关。【结论】在沙子:炉渣:菇渣=6:3:1（体积比）的栽培基质条件下,日光温室冬春茬茄子的适宜氮磷钾用量分别为N 180.6 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 212.1 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 434.9 kg·hm^-2,依此量施肥有利于茄子产量、根系活力和基质微生物数量及酶活性的提高,可为茄子生长提供良好的微生态环境。     

Partial organic substitution weakens the negative effect of chemical fertilizer on soil micro-food webs

Soil biotic communities play vital roles in enhancing soil nutrient cycling and soil fertility. Long-term excessive nitrogen (N) application is disadvantageous to the stability of soil food webs and affects arable soil health and sustainable utilization. Proper organic substitution is essential to improve soil health and alleviate the disadvantages of excessive chemical fertilization. However, the biological effects of various organic amendments on soil micro-food webs are poorly understood. In order to explore the effects of various organic amendments including stover, biochar and manure on soil micro-food webs (microbial and nematode communities), a field plot experiment with maize having five treatments viz., 100% urea (100% N), 70% urea (70% N), 70% urea plus stover (Stover), 70% urea plus cattle manure (Manure) and 70% urea plus biochar (Biochar) was conducted. Manure treatment increased the carbon (C) to N use efficiency of soil microbes, which contributed to the retention of soil C, while Biochar treatment elevated soil organic C (SOC) and soil pH. Additionally, Biochar treatment mitigated the negative effects of soil acidification on the soil micro-food web and reduced the abundance of plant parasites. Overall, the biological effect of organic amendments was distinguished from chemical fertilization (100% N and 70% N) through principal co-ordinates analysis. Negative relationships among soil properties, microbial and nematode biomass in the 100% N treatment were diminished in treatments where chemical fertilizer was reduced. The bottom-up effects on soil food webs were observed in organic substitution treatments. In conclusion, organic amendments improved soil fertility by regulating soil microbial and nematode communities in the cropland ecosystem, alleviated the negative effects of chemical fertilizer on the micro-food webs and controlled the trophic cascades among soil biota.     

Bentonite-humic acid improves soil organic carbon,microbial biomass,enzyme activities and grain quality in a sandy soil cropped to maize (Zea mays L.) in a semi-arid region

A bentonite-humic acid (B-HA) mixture added to degraded soils may improve soil physical and hydraulic properties, due to effects such as improved soil structure and increased water and nutrient retention, but its effect on soil physicochemical and biological properties, and grain quality is largely unknown.  The effect of B-HA, added at 30 Mg ha⁻¹, was studied at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years after its addition to a degraded sandy soil in a semi-arid region of China.  The addition of B-HA significantly increased water-filled pore space and soil organic carbon, especially at 3 to 5 years after its soil addition to the soil.  Amending the sandy soil with B-HA also increased the content of microbial biomass (MB)-carbon, -nitrogen and -phosphorus, and the activities of urease, invertase, catalase and alkaline phosphatase.  The significant effect of maize (Zea mays L.) growth stage on soil MB and enzyme activities accounted for 58 and 84% of their total variation, respectively.  In comparison, B-HA accounted for 8% of the total variability for each of the same two variables.  B-HA significantly enhanced soil properties and the uptake of N and P by maize in semi-arid areas.  The use of B-HA product would be an effective management strategy to reclaim degraded sandy soils and foster sustainable agriculture production in northeast China and regions of the world with similar soils and climate.