鲇皮肤和鳃粘液细胞的分类、分布和分泌研究

利用阿利新蓝(AB,pH=2.6)-过碘酸雪夫氏试剂(PAS)染色,对鲇(Silurus asotus)皮肤和鳃部粘液细胞进行了分类、分布和分泌研究。结果显示:结合染色结果、细胞形态和粘液细胞分布特点,鲇皮肤和鳃部粘液细胞可分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型5种类型;皮肤中有Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型2种粘液细胞分布,鳃部有Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅴ型4种粘液细胞分布;腹部皮肤粘液细胞密度最大,平均密度为每平方毫米1083个,其次为颌部皮肤,平均密度为每平方毫米802个,鳃丝部位密度最小,平均密度为每平方毫米208个;粘液细胞分泌方式有4种,Ⅰ型为全浆分泌,Ⅱ型为局部分泌,Ⅲ型为巨浆分泌,Ⅳ型为顶浆分泌。     

Effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival of New Zealand shortfin,Anguilla australis,and longfin,A. dieffenbachii,glass eels

The ideal water conditions for maximizing the performance of the nursery culture of glass eels harvested from the wild for aquaculture need to be determined for the New Zealand shortfin (Anguilla australis) and longfin (Anguilla dieffenbachii) eels. This study determined the survival and growth of glass eels reared under different temperature and salinity conditions in the laboratory. The growth and survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels reared in salt water (35‰) maintained at 25 °C was examined over 84 days from capture. The mean specific growth rate (SGR) was higher in shortfin [2.30±0.29% body weight (b.w.) day^?1] than longfin glass eels (1.52±0.06% b.w. day^?1), and survival was also higher in shortfin (76.0±4.16%) than for longfin glass eels (28.7±6.36%). A second experiment identified the effect of salinity (0, 17.5‰ and 35‰) and temperature (17.5 and 26.5 °C) on the acclimation, growth performance and survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels over a period of 84 days from capture. There was no incidence of mortality for either shortfin or longfin glass eels reared across all salinity treatments (0‰, 17.5‰ and 35‰) at 26.5 °C, while survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels reared at 17.5 °C was the highest in 17.5‰, followed by 35‰ and 0‰ treatments. Both temperature and salinity affected the SGR of shortfin glass eels, with the highest SGR observed for shortfin glass eels reared in 0‰ water maintained at 26.5 °C. In longfin glass eels, salinity alone had an effect on the SGR, with the highest SGR observed in glass eels reared in 0‰ water regardless of the water temperature (17.5 and 26.5 °C). In addition, the adaptability of glass eels to salinity was evaluated from the development and the physiological responses of gill chloride cell (CC) morphology. The number and size of CCs increased significantly with increasing salinity in both shortfin and longfin eels.     

A framework for adaptive gear and ecosystem‐based management in the artisanal coral reef fishery of Papua New Guinea

• 1. Artisanal fishing on coral reefs in Papua New Guinea is an important livelihood activity that is managed primarily at the level of local communities. Pockets of overexploitation exist and are expected to increase with plans for increased commercialization.
• 2. This paper provides a current assessment of the artisanal multi‐species coral reef fishery by examining selectivity of the dominant gear, namely line fishing, spearguns, and gill nets. Each gear has its own strengths and weaknesses in terms of use and conservation of resources, with no clear problem gear.
• 3. The three gears utilize different resources but there was moderate overlap in the species caught, particularly between gill nets and line fishing and marginally between lines and spearguns. Gill nets have the disadvantage of being destructive to coral and the advantage of catching commercial species. Line fishing catches an intermediate number of species but mostly large‐bodied and predatory species that could potentially reduce predation and the mean trophic level of the fishery. Spearguns catch the highest numbers of species, including many non‐commercial and herbivorous fish and could reduce the diversity of fish and encourage algal growth.
• 4. This information could be used in combination with scientific monitoring and traditional ecological knowledge to develop an adaptive management framework that uses local restrictions on the various gears to restore or balance the fishery and ecosystem. Restrictions could be selectively imposed: on gill nets when coral cover is low, line fishing when large‐bodied predators are depleted, and spearguns when biodiversity is reduced and algal abundance high.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

市售草鱼鳃中细菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

对徐州市售草鱼细菌带染状况及耐药性分析,结果表明从其鳃中分离到4 株革兰氏阴性短杆菌,暂时编号为ZYF-1、ZYF-2、ZYF-3 和ZYF-4,查阅数值编码鉴定ZYF-1 菌株为志贺（Shigella sp.）,ZYF-2、ZYF-3 菌株为大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli）,ZYF-4 菌株为泉居沙雷菌（Serratia fonticola）。药敏试验结果表明,4 株分离菌的耐药率分别为75.8%、72.4%、65.5%和82.8%,均对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、复方新诺明、磺胺异恶唑和甲氧苄啶等11 种抗生素耐药。本研究显示市售草鱼存在志贺菌、大肠埃希菌带染现象,对多种抗生素耐药,这为食源性细菌鉴定及鱼病防治提供参考。     

Effects of Loma morhua (Microsporidia) infection on the cardiorespiratory performance of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (L).

The microsporidian Loma morhua infects Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the wild and in culture and results in the formation of xenomas within the gill filaments, heart and spleen. Given the importance of the two former organs to metabolic capacity and thermal tolerance, the cardiorespiratory performance of cod with a naturally acquired infection of Loma was measured during an acute temperature increase (2 °C h^?1) from 10 °C to the fish's critical thermal maximum (CT_Max). In addition, oxygen consumption and swimming performance were measured during two successive critical swimming speed (U_crit) tests at 10 °C. While Loma infection had a negative impact on cod cardiac function at warm temperatures, and on metabolic capacity in both the CT_Max and U_crit tests (i.e. a reduction of 30–40%), it appears that the Atlantic cod can largely compensate for these Loma‐induced cardiorespiratory limitations. For example, (i) CT_Max (21.0 ± 0.3 °C) and U_crit (~1.75 BL s^?1) were very comparable to those reported in previous studies using uninfected fish from the same founder population; and (ii) our data suggest that tissue oxygen extraction, and potentially the capacity for anaerobic metabolism, is enhanced in fish infected with this microsporidian.     

急性盐度胁迫对克氏双锯鱼幼鱼血清皮质醇浓度和Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性的影响

研究了克氏双锯鱼(Amphiprion clarkii)幼鱼由盐度35突变至30、25、20和15后血清皮质醇浓度及鳃丝和肝脏中Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明,盐度变化对克氏双锯鱼的存活无影响,而对其血清皮质醇浓度及Na+-K+-ATP酶活性均有显著影响(P0.05)。各低盐胁迫组血清皮质醇浓度均在处理的24 h内呈先降后升趋势,处理后第48、第96小时,各处理组血清皮质醇浓度急剧降低至对照组水平甚至略低于对照组,与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);鳃丝和肝脏中Na+-K+-ATP酶活性变化规律一致,即低盐胁迫24 h内呈上升趋势,第48及第96小时变化趋势与血清皮质醇浓度变化相似。整体上,以上各生理指标变化幅度均与盐度的降低幅度呈正相关。实验结果证明,盐度突变对克氏双锯鱼幼鱼的血清皮质醇浓度及Na+-K+-ATP酶活性存在重要的影响,同时也表明该鱼具有较强的盐度适应能力。     

Histological and antioxidant responses in Rhamdia quelen sedated with propofol

Morphometry of gills and antioxidant/oxidant status in gills, brain, liver and blood of Rhamdia quelen sedated with propofol were studied. The purpose was to investigate structural and functional responses upon administration of the drug in order to validate its use for the species. The fish were exposed to 0, 0.4 or 0.8 mg L^?1 propofol for 1, 6 or 12 h, which are times normally used in live fish transport. Propofol induced an increase in chloride cell in the non‐respiratory epithelium of the gill. Standard biochemical assays (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides) indicated that the lowest concentration of propofol did not induce lipoperoxidation in gills, brain, liver or blood. The oxidative status of enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione‐S‐transferase) and non‐enzymatic (non‐protein thiols) antioxidants differed among the tested sites. Apart from the blood, superoxide dismutase was the enzyme to show the highest activity in the presence of propofol, which is known to possess antioxidant properties that resemble those of vitamin E. The absence of chloride cells in the respiratory epithelium (lamella) in association with the stability of the lamellar structure (i.e. lamellar area, total height of lamella and width of lamella) indicate that ion and oxygen uptake were preserved under propofol sedation. Thus, 0.4 mg L^?1 propofol should be considered to sedate R. quelen during lengthy procedures, such as transport, for it was able to maintain ionic and respiratory homeostasis as well as prevent peroxidative damage in vital organs.     

急性盐度胁迫对紫石房蛤(Saxidomus purpurata)鳃组织结构及4种酶活性的影响

为探明急性盐度胁迫对狭盐性贝类紫石房蛤(Saxidomus purpurata)组织形态结构及生理生化的影响,研究了急性高盐(盐度35)和低盐(盐度15)胁迫下紫石房蛤鳃组织显微结构、Na+/K+-ATP酶和体腔液、鳃组织中SOD、CAT和POD 3种非特异性免疫因子的变化。鳃组织结构变化结果显示,与自然海水对照组相比,急性盐度胁迫实验组紫石房蛤鳃丝间距均呈现显著差异。盐度胁迫3 h起,低盐胁迫组紫石房蛤鳃丝皱缩程度和鳃间距与自然海水组相比总体呈现随胁迫时间增加而增大的趋势;高盐胁迫组鳃丝则表现为先皱缩后饱满,鳃间距呈逐渐缩小后逐步增大的趋势;低盐胁迫各时间点,鳃丝形态结构变化较相对应的高盐胁迫组明显。紫石房蛤鳃组织Na+/K+-ATP酶在急性低盐胁迫下活力升高,急性高盐胁迫下活力降低。24 h低盐和高盐度急性胁迫对紫石房蛤SOD、CAT和POD酶活力的影响呈现组织特异性。体腔液中以SOD率先对盐度胁迫产生应答,鳃组织中则以POD的响应最为快速。急性高盐胁迫下紫石房蛤体腔液中SOD和CAT活力在胁迫1 h、3 h后无明显变化,胁迫5 h后显著上升;胁迫7 h后显著下降;胁迫24 h后又显著上升,变化趋于一致(P0.05)。急性低盐胁迫下紫石房蛤体腔液中CAT和POD酶活力分别在7 h和3 h显著下降至最低点,之后逐步趋于对照组水平(P0.05)。结果提示,急性盐度胁迫下紫石房蛤体腔液和鳃组织中SOD、CAT和POD 3种非特异性免疫因子及鳃组织中Na+/K+-ATP酶的响应方式不同,紫石房蛤可能通过改变鳃组织形态结构从而适应外界盐度的骤然变化。     

怒江裂腹鱼鳃的显微和超微结构

通过光镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜技术,研究了怒江裂腹鱼(Schizothorax nukiangensis)鳃的组织结构和超微结构。结果表明,怒江裂腹鱼鳃基本结构与其他硬骨鱼相似,均由鳃耙、鳃弓、鳃丝以及鳃小片构成,且各部分具有不同的组织结构和细胞类型。扁平上皮细胞覆盖于整个鳃表面,其表面的纹路主要有3种类型,在鳃上不同的部位具有不同的结构和功能。线粒体密集细胞主要分布于鳃小片基部,仅有一种细胞类型,顶端膜内凹呈浅滩型,细胞内具有大量圆形的线粒体。怒江裂腹鱼鳃内扁平上皮细胞和线粒体密集细胞的形态结构与其在急流中游泳和摄食活动等生活习性相适应。本研究结果丰富了怒江裂腹鱼的基础生物学资料,并为阐明鱼类鳃的结构特征与其生活习性之间的关系提供参考。     

Carp edema virus from three genogroups is present in common carp in Hungary

Hungary is an important carp producer with intensive trading relationships with farms in other carp‐producing areas in Europe. Carp in Europe were recently found infected with carp edema virus (CEV), a poxvirus which causes the koi sleepy disease (KSD) syndrome. Moribund carp were collected from 17 fish farms and angling ponds in different regions of Hungary. Histological analysis of gills from these carp revealed a proliferation of the interlamellar epithelium and an infiltration by eosinophilic cells. In 13 of 17 of these carp, CEV DNA was detected by qPCR and in seven fish more than 1 × 10⁴ copies of virus‐specific DNA sequences per 250 ng of DNA, which could be considered as clinically relevant and a cause of disease. A phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that all three genogroups of CEV were present in Hungarian common carp with genogroup I being most abundant. These results support the hypothesis of a prolonged presence of CEV in European carp populations and suggest that previous outbreaks of KSD were not recorded or misdiagnosed. Hence, a testing of carp and koi for infection with CEV should be included into disease surveillance programmes to prevent further spreading of this disease.