四种杀虫剂LC25对Q型烟粉虱成虫取食行为的影响

【目的】利用刺吸电位技术（electronic penetration graph,EPG）研究Q型烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci）成虫对吡虫啉、吡蚜酮、螺虫乙酯和溴氰虫酰胺4种杀虫剂LC₂₅处理24 h番茄苗的取食行为,探明内吸性杀虫剂亚致死剂量对烟粉虱成虫取食行为的影响。【方法】以无农药暴露史的Q型烟粉虱成虫为供试昆虫,番茄品种‘粉印三号’为供试植株。通过水培生测法确定4种内吸性杀虫剂的亚致死浓度LC₂₅。在此基础上利用EPG监测Q型烟粉虱成虫取食寄主的13个非韧皮部指标和8个韧皮部指标,并对叶片刺吸孔进行显微观察。以无农药处理为对照（CK）。【结果】4种杀虫剂对Q型烟粉虱成虫的LC₂₅值为溴氰虫酰胺>吡蚜酮>吡虫啉>螺虫乙酯。在总记录时间8 h内,Q型烟粉虱成虫的取食在各处理中均产生非刺探波（np）、路径波（C）、电位下降波（pd）、韧皮部分泌唾液波（El）、韧皮部被动吸食波（E2）以及木质部主动吸食波（G）6种波形。在非韧皮部的np波次数上,溴氰虫酰胺处理的次数最多,其次是螺虫乙酯处理,两者间差异不显著（P>0.05）,但均显著高于CK和吡虫啉处理（P<0.05）。C波和G波总持续时间均为CK处理最长,溴氰虫酰胺处理最短,两处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。CK处理的pd波总持续时间显著长于4种杀虫剂处理（P<0.05）,其中螺虫乙酯处理最短,但4种杀虫剂处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。螺虫乙酯处理的F波总持续时间最长,吡虫啉处理最短,两者间差异显著（P<0.05）。CK处理韧皮部的E1波和E2波总持续时间分别为20.52和50.60 min,显著长于吡虫啉处理和溴氰虫酰胺处理对应波的总持续时间（P<0.05）,但E1波总持续时间与吡蚜酮和螺虫乙酯处理均差异不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】4种杀虫剂LC₂₅均引起Q型烟粉虱成虫的拒食行为,为研究烟粉虱或具刺吸式口器农业害虫对4类杀虫剂亚致死效应的拒食作用机理及防治提供了理论依据。     

尼勒克县荒漠草地植物种类调查及分析

为了更好的保护尼勒克县荒漠草地植物资源,采用样方和植物踏查法对尼勒克县荒漠草地的植物种类进行调查研究。结果表明：尼勒克县荒漠草地有23科68属98种（亚种）植物,植物种类组成较丰富,有害植物少。藜科、菊科和禾本科为优势科,含有54种（亚种）植物;小型科和单科种类众多,单科植物有12种。按照经济类群划分,豆科植物占8.16%,禾本科植物占13.27%,藜科植物占27.55%,菊科植物占14.29%,莎草科植物占3.06%,杂类草占33.67%。按照饲用价值划分,优良占14.29%、良好占27.55%、一般占36.73%、差占16.33%、有毒占5.10%。     

移动式秸秆制粒机作业速度调控系统研究

为了提高移动式秸秆制粒机工作效率,解决玉米秸秆收获过程中作业速度与喂入量不匹配的问题,设计了一种移动式秸秆制粒机作业速度自动调控系统,以实现对秸秆制粒机作业速度的自动调控。该系统由喂入量-期望作业速度自适应变论域模糊控制器与液压马达转速调控系统构成,采用液压系统控制秸秆制粒机作业速度的方式进行调控。通过螺旋输送器功率得到实际喂入量,并根据灰色理论建立喂入量预测模型,以预测值作为变论域模糊控制器的输入;变论域控制器的输出作为液压马达转速调控系统的输入,作业速度PID控制器驱使液压控制系统调节制粒机行走机构改变作业速度,从而使作业速度和喂入量匹配,达到最佳喂入量,起到超前调节的目的。设计了3次试验,分别为模型参数的获取试验、均匀秸秆条件下的稳定性试验、非均匀秸秆条件下跟踪性能试验。试验结果表明,在均匀秸秆条件下,作业速度能够在3m内达到最佳作业状态,超调量小于5%,之后能够保持良好的平稳运行状态,使制粒机以最佳喂入量工作;同样,在非均匀秸秆条件下,作业速度能够以不大于5%的超调量跟踪喂入量的变化。试验证明,本系统能够实时检测作业速度和喂入量,达到作业速度和喂入量相匹配的目的,有效提高了移动式秸秆制粒机的工作效率。     

The effects of variation in feed protein level on the culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in low-water exchange experimental ponds

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying dietary protein level on pond water quality and production parameters of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Experimental units consisted of nine 400‐m² earthen ponds with a low water exchange. Two treatments were tested: treatment HP consisted of shrimp fed a high‐protein diet (40%) during the whole grow‐out, and treatment LP consisted of the use of a low‐protein diet for the complete farming period. No differences on any of the water quality parameters were observed among treatments. Excellent survival (over 85%) and feed conversion ratios (around 1.6), and acceptable growth (over 12 g) and biomass (from 1721 to 1793 kg ha^?1) were recorded in all experimental ponds. No significant differences in any of the production parameters were found among treatment groups.     

Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds

Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day^?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha^?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day^?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable.     

乌苏里拟Chang人工繁育技术及开发利用——乌苏里拟Chang仔幼鱼食性与生长的初步研究

对乌苏里拟Chang仔幼鱼的食性与生长进行了初步研究,在18-22℃水温下分别以水蚯蚓、鱼肉糜和人工配合饲料投喂进行对比试验,结果发现其仔幼鱼具有较广泛的食性,且不同饲料投喂后各试验组的生长没有呈现出显差异。     

New method using quantitative PCR to follow the tick blood meal and to assess the anti-feeding effect of topical acaricide against Rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs

A 28-day study was conducted to assess the dynamic of blood feeding by Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs treated or not with a novel topical combination of fipronil, amitraz and (S)-methoprene. Dogs were infested weekly through exposure to ticks in crates for 4 h. Ticks were then counted in the crates at 2 h and 4 h post dog exposure. Ticks were also counted and removed from the dogs at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h post tick exposure. The inhibition of blood feeding was assessed by both tick quantification and designing and performing a quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect the canine hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene in ticks. The percentage of repellency sensu lato based on the ticks collected in crates at 2 h varied from 4.7% at day 28 to 48.3% at day 7. The immediate mortality rate of the ticks expelled at 2 h varied from 1.5% at day 21 to 31.7% at day 7. The efficacy calculation showed that the acaricidal combination started to kill ticks in as little as 2 h. The average efficacy reached 90.0% at 12 h post crate challenges and 100% at 24 h post exposure in crates. The inclusion of an internal amplification control was used to ensure that no significant template-derived PCR inhibition (≤6.2%) affected the overall results. The reduction of blood feeding was significant at 4 h (>80.0%) and >99.0% at 24 h post tick exposure in the crate. The high repellency rate and the lethal efficacy of CERTIFECT^® resulted in significantly fewer live attached ticks, consequently reducing blood intake and fluid exchanges.     

鱼食性与肠道菌群关系的初步研究

对淡水养殖池中的乌鳢、鲢鱼、鳊鱼、鲫鱼不同食性鱼的后肠菌群进行了定性、定量分析,结果表明:四种鱼的后肠壁和后肠内容物都是厌氧菌总数远大于好氧菌总数;后肠内容物菌数远大于后肠壁菌数;不同的鱼,后肠壁的好氧菌总数差别很大,而厌氧菌总数差别不大;后肠内容物中的厌氧菌总数和好氧菌总数为:乌鳢>鲫鱼>鲢鱼>鳊鱼;而后肠壁细菌含量与食物没有明显的关系;后肠内容物和后肠壁中的双歧杆菌数为:乌鳢>鲫鱼>鲢鱼>鳊鱼。表明后肠内容物中的细菌总数、后肠内容物和后肠壁中的双歧杆菌数都与食性相关。大肠杆菌、肠球菌和乳酸菌在后肠的分布没有规律,说明它们与食物相关性不强。     

瓣结鱼食性的研究

以采自贵州境内清水江、都柳江的318尾瓣结鱼(Tor(Foliter)brevifilis brevifilis)为研究对象,从食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学等方面研究了瓣结鱼食性的特点。结果表明:瓣结鱼的食物由双翅目昆虫幼虫等17类饵料生物组成,并以双翅目昆虫幼虫的出现率最高。瓣结鱼的充塞度按春、夏、秋、冬季逐渐增高,季节性变化明显。充塞指数随体长生长显著减少,而摄食率则随体长生长逐渐增加。充塞指数和摄食率均以V期性腺个体为最低。瓣结鱼为底层杂食性鱼类。     

一种桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的配制

以豆渣、麦胚、酵母粉、蔗糖为主要原料,配制成桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料,与天然饲料(水果)和现常用的人工配方饲料进行饲养试验,测定采用3种饲料饲养的桔小实蝇的卵孵化率、化蛹率及羽化率。结果表明,以豆渣为主要原料的人工饲料配制成本低廉,饲养效果接近天然饲料。