Evaluation of Protease Inhibitors in Pacific Whiting Surimi

Bovine plasma powder, whey protein concentrate and would potato powder were compared with purified bovine serum albumin, chicken egg albumin and a-lactalbumin as protease inhibitors in Pacific whiting surimi. Spectrophotometric and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic analyses demonstrated that the extent of proteolysis in samples containing the purified albumins was, in all cases, equal to the control. The same test also showed that at equal concentrations, whole plasma powder was a more effective inhibitor of proteolysis than whey protein concentrate or potato powder. However, electrophortic gels and punch test scores indicated that at higher concentrations, whey protein concentrate and potato powder could substitute for plasma powder in directly heat set gels, but not in suwari gels.     

稻草硅化和溶解特性对稻草纤维降解率及其利用的影响

 对早、中、晚季７个水稻品种稻草的硅化特点、稻草硅的溶解特性与纤维各组成成分瘤胃降解率的关系以及尿素处理稻草的去硅化效果进行了研究。早、中、晚季稻草总硅含量相近，早稻稻草硅溶解率和纤维素含量分别显著高于中稻（１８．９％和９．１％）和晚稻（２６％和１１．２％），可溶性硅和纤维素的降解率也比中、晚稻稻草分别高７０．０％和１７．５％、４７．８％和２３．７％，稻草降解率和体外消化产生的挥发性脂肪酸比中、晚稻稻草分别提高１４．５％和１９．０％、１２．９％和１４．８％。稻草各形态部位的硅的溶解率、纤维素含量和体外消化产生的挥发性脂肪酸均为叶＜鞘＜茎。稻草的可溶性硅与纤维素含量呈显著协相关（ｒ＝０．８６），而可溶性硅和纤维素与稻草潜在降解率（ａ＋ｂ）的协相关分别为ｒ＝０．９０，ｒ＝０．８４。因此，稻草硅的溶解特性是影响稻草潜在降解率的主要因素，而不是稻草的总硅含量。用尿素处理稻草，能使稻草降解率、降解速率、潜在降解率分别提高１０．８％、２７．９％、１０．１％。     

Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes—a review

Silicon (Si) is the second‐most abundant element in the earth's crust. In the pedosphere, however, huge spans of Si contents occur mainly caused by Si redistribution in soil profiles and landscapes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the different pools and fluxes of Si in soils and terrestrial biogeosystems. Weathering and subsequent release of soluble Si may lead to (1) secondarily bound Si in newly formed Al silicates, (2) amorphous silica precipitation on surfaces of other minerals, (3) plant uptake, formation of phytogenic Si, and subsequent retranslocation to soils, (4) translocation within soil profiles and formation of new horizons, or (5) translocation out of soils (desilication). The research carried out hitherto focused on the participation of Si in weathering processes, especially in clay neoformation, buffering mechanisms for acids in soils or chemical denudation of landscapes. There are, however, only few investigations on the characteristics and controls of the low‐crystalline, almost pure silica compounds formed during pedogenesis. Further, there is strong demand to improve the knowledge of (micro)biological and rhizosphere processes contributing to Si mobilization, plant uptake, and formation of phytogenic Si in plants, and release due to microbial decomposition. The contribution of the biogenic Si sources to Si redistribution within soil profiles and desilication remains unknown concerning the pools, rates, processes, and driving forces. Comprehensive studies considering soil hydrological, chemical, and biological processes as well as their interactions at the scale of pedons and landscapes are necessary to make up and model the Si balance and to couple terrestrial processes with Si cycle of limnic, fluvial, or marine biogeosystems.     

丝瓜络固定生物氧化锰吸附重金属离子

为了考察丝瓜络固定生物氧化锰对不同重金属离子的吸附特性,本研究将锰氧化芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus CP133固定于经过NaOH预处理的丝瓜络表面并合成生物氧化锰,制备复合生物吸附剂LIBMOs;通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外变换光谱(FTIR)分析LIBMOs的表面性质;考察LIBMOs对重金属离Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的吸附特性。结果表明,NaOH预处理改善了丝瓜络的表面性质,提高了亲水性,使其能够高效地固定Bacillus cereus CP133和生物氧化锰微粒。NaOH预处理丝瓜络固定生物氧化锰的比例明显高于未经处理的天然丝瓜络,14 d后生物氧化锰固定化比例分别为79.66%和49.39%;采用Langmuir和Freundlich模型对LIBMOs吸附重金属离子的等温吸附实验数据进行拟合的结果表明,Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附行为同时符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型(R2 0.95),但Langmuir模型能更好地拟合LIBMOs对4种重金属离子的吸附行为(R2 0.98)。LIBMOs对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)理论饱和吸附量(LIBMOs 2.0 g?L~(-1), pH 6.0和25℃时)分别为0.81、0.68、0.51 mmol?g-1和0.41 mmol?g-1。采用准一级动力学模型和准二级动力学模型对吸附动力学实验数据进行拟合,4种重金属离子的吸附动力学过程更符合准一级动力学模型(R20.95)。以上结果表明,用丝瓜络制备的LIBMOs可作为处理重金属废水的吸附剂。     

反相高效液相色谱法分析餐厨废弃物中 5 种生物胺的含量简

[目的]优选合适的方法定性定量地分析餐厨废弃物中5种生物胺的含量.[方法]应用紫外检测-反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）技术,建立了餐厨废弃物中5种生物胺的定性定量分析方法.餐厨废弃物经三氯乙酸溶液提取后,正己烷除脂,苯甲酰氯衍生,氮吹浓缩,进行RP-HPLC检测.采用Waters RP18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5μm）,流动相采用甲醇和水进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.8ml/min,柱温为30℃,紫外检测波长为254 nm.[结果]该方法在0.50～ 50.00μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（R2 ＞0.99）,5种生物胺的检测限：腐胺、尸胺为0.1 μg/ml,精胺、组胺、酪胺为0.5μg/ml.相对标准偏差（RSD）低于6％,5种生物胺的加标回收率为67％～ 120％.[结论]该方法灵敏度高,重复性和准确性好,适合餐厨废弃物中生物胺的定性定量分析.     

呼伦湖沉积物生物硅的分布特征

以Si的生物地球化学特征为基础,结合本小组前期研究成果,探讨了我国纬度最高湖泊呼伦湖沉积物中生物硅(BSi)的分布特征以及有机质与BSi的相关性。研究表明,呼伦湖表层沉积物中BSi的含量介于4.04~18.30 mg.g-1之间,平均11.81 mg.g-1;受陆源输入和沉积物粒度分异的影响,呼伦湖表层沉积物中BSi的空间分布由北西向南东呈现明显递减趋势,BSi的高值区出现在北西部湖区。3个柱芯沉积物中BSi的含量均在10 cm处达到峰值,这可能与20世纪60年代出现的大规模厄尔尼诺现象对湖泊水体中营养盐及藻类繁殖带来的影响有关。沉积物中有机碳与生物硅呈显著正相关关系,OC/BSi值介于0.89~7.22之间,平均2.74,远远小于Redfield比值(106/16),揭示相同条件下,有机质的分解速率远远大于生物硅的溶解速率,颗粒物表层有机质对BSi起到了很好的保护作用,使沉积物中BSi的大部分不参与再循环。     

苦参在农药中的研究与应用

本文介绍了苦参碱生物农药的杀虫机理及其杀虫特点，为了取代高毒农药做了有益的尝试。     

Studies on the selective fungitoxicity of aliphatic amines

A comparison of the uptake of simple (C₁–C₄) aliphatic amines byPenicillium digitatum revealed that the fungitoxicity of (–)sec-butylamine [(–)SBA] was not due to its accumulation by hyphae since (+)SBA was accumulated to the same extent and methylamine, which showed negligible antifungal activity, accumulated to twice the level of SBA. Amines with a secondary alkyl structure were resistant to fungal metabolism, whereas primary amines were degraded to a significant extent byP. digitatum during a 4 h incubation period.(–)SBA accumulated in the fresh hyphae ofP. digitatum to a level 24 times higher than that in the culture medium containing 1 mol ml^–1; most of the SBA effluxed from the hyphae when transferred to fresh culture medium minus SBA. SBA did not accumulate when hyphae were incubated in N₂ or in the presence of respiratory inhibitors. The absorption and accumulation of SBA is characteristic of active transport.     

荔枝果皮多酚对荔枝霜疫霉生物学特性的影响

【目的】探讨荔枝多酚对荔枝霜疫霉生长发育的影响。【方法】溶剂浸提法提取荔枝果皮中的总多酚,采用常规植物病理学手段研究荔枝多酚质量浓度对荔枝霜疫霉菌落形态、生物量、孢子囊萌发方式、游动孢子萌发及卵孢子数量的影响。【结果】荔枝多酚质量浓度为150～300μg·mL~(-1)时,荔枝霜疫霉菌落致密,菌丝生长量和产孢量显著减少,孢子囊以释放游动孢子的方式萌发;培养基中荔枝多酚为100～300μg·mL~(-1)时,可显著促进游动孢子的萌发,抑制孢子囊的萌发;在无荔枝多酚的PDA培养基上荔枝霜疫霉不易产生卵孢子,当培养基中荔枝多酚质量浓度达到100μg·mL~(-1)时,荔枝霜疫霉产生卵孢子为10.8 mm~(-2)。【结论】荔枝多酚类物质参与荔枝霜疫霉生长发育的调控,抑制霜疫霉生长和产生孢子囊,具有开发新型安全性生物源杀菌剂的潜力。     

肉品中微生物对生物胺的影响

分析了肉品中微生物的致腐作用、不同微生物对生物胺形成的影响以及肉品中生物胺类物质的危害和分布,以控制有害物质的形成、提高肉品的安全性和质量。