液相色谱-离子阱质谱联用技术定性检测渔药中喹诺酮类抗菌素

建立了高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术定性检测渔药中喹诺酮类抗菌素的方法.利用喹诺酮类化合物的质荷比(m/z)和其荧光光谱特性对渔药中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星四种喹诺酮类化合物进行定性分析,结果表明该方法快速可行,方法检出限分别为1.29 ng、1.23 ng、1.08 ng、1.00 ng,可用于渔药中喹诺酮类抗菌素的监控.     

绍兴镜湖国家城市湿地公园生态环境特征和保护对策

健康的城市湿地生态系统,是城市生态安全体系的重要组成部分和城市社会经济可持续发展的重要基础。因此,作为大绍兴城市中的镜湖国家城市湿地公园,对城市生态系统建设具有重要的意义。笔者分析了镜湖国家城市湿地公园的生态特征,并提出了保护对策。     

Development of inland aquaculture in arid climates: water utilization strategies applied in Israel

Israel has a temperate climate with marked differences between the northern and southern regions. Rainfall ranges between 250 and 600 mm year⁻¹ in the former and between only 25 and 200 mm year⁻¹ in the latter. During the last 30 years, water consumption has increased markedly in all sectors. Although a water allocation for inland aquaculture is made, in most cases it is given the lowest priority, and aquaculturists have learned to contend with difficulties, and thrive on brackish water sources not fit for human consumption or agricultural crops. Since most water sources are already fully exploited, further development of all sectors will depend on their respective capacity to use recycled city water, desalinated brackish or sea water, or recycled pond water. In this respect, inland aquaculture is handicapped by public prejudices which will not allow the use of water from the first source and farms are still not able to cope with the cost of the second. Therefore, further development of inland aquaculture will depend on the capacity of farmers to use sea water, and to recycle pond water time and again to produce more fish with less (inland) water. Various strategies have already been developed in Israel and new ones are under study. These include water harvesting in dual-purpose reservoirs, recycling of pond water from one year to another, development of intensive flow-through systems based on recycled pond water and colleagues based on biofiltration.     

北方半湿润滨海地区海水养殖废水灌溉菊芋研究

2007年3~10月,在山东莱州海洋863中试基地,研究了海水养殖废水灌溉条件下,耐盐能源植物菊芋的盐胁迫响应以及对氮、磷的吸收利用机制。结果表明:海水养殖废水灌溉条件下,菊芋地上部生物量(茎、叶)随着灌溉水盐度(S)的增加明显下降,盐度为9.46 g/L的养殖废水处理生物量仅为淡水处理(CK2)的62.5%;地下部生物量(根、块茎)与盐度之间的关系符合一元二次方程曲线,且当盐度为3.83 g/L时,地下部生物量取得最大值(0.205 kg/株)。养殖废水处理菊芋地上部氮浓度明显低于淡水处理,地下部则各灌溉水处理间氮浓度没有明显差异;磷浓度地上部各灌溉水处理间没有明显差异,但地下部养殖废水灌溉处理明显高于淡水处理,表明海水养殖废水灌溉可以促进菊芋对磷的吸收,但氮利用受到显著影响。通过氮、磷通量计算,进一步证实了这一结果。     

The pond's shape matters: differential growth,physiological condition and survival of epibenthic Farfantepenaeus aztecus postlarvae

As a function of the water quality provided by square, circular and oval experimental ponds, the growth, survival and oxygen requirements in epibenthic postlarvae of Farfantepenaeus aztecus were analysed in relation to their routine metabolism and apparent heat increment. Temperature, oxygen concentration, pH and salinity were measured daily in two experimental ponds of each shape. The postlarvae oxygen consumption during two 24‐h cycles, their growth, physiological condition and survival and the productivity in the ponds were estimated. Low values of pH, oxygen concentration and phytobenthos productivity, and reduced postlarvae relative growth and survival were observed in the square ponds. We suggest that the latter results from a deficient water circulation related to the effect of the pond's shape on dissolved oxygen levels and, consequently, on growth and survival. The postlarvae routine metabolism, including feeding, varied between 1.91 and 2.25 mg O₂ h^?1 g^?1 wet weight, whereas the minimum oxygen concentration needed in the ponds is approximately 4.25 mg O₂ L^?1. These conditions were achieved in the oval ponds concurrent with higher survival and growth values, in which individuals distributed randomly, for which we suggest that oval‐shaped ponds could be the most adequate for the culture of this and other penaeid species.     

单级生物接触氧化法去除海水养殖废水中的无机氮

利用在填料上人工接种微生物组成的浸没式生物接触氧化单级处理系统对养殖废水进行净化,效果良好。在试验水体体积与处理系统体积之比约为100∶1的情况下,对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮起始质量浓度分别为4.0 mg/L、1.76 mg/L、800 mg/L,COD质量浓度为16.33 mg/L的养殖废水进行处理,发现处理系统中进行着强烈的硝化和反硝化作用:处理30 h,氨氮质量浓度下降并一直保持在0.1 mg/L;亚硝酸盐氮浓度48 h内,前6 h从1.76 mg/L短暂上升到2.24 mg/L,然后持续下降,最低到0.22 mg/L;对硝酸盐氮的反硝化作用能力也很强,经48 h处理,硝酸盐氮质量浓度从800 mg/L下降到180 mg/L。根据对处理过程中的水质测定,浸没式生物接触氧化单级处理试验系统具有较强的生物脱氮能力。     

我国淡水养殖业发展的空间变化影响因素分析

在陆地农业资源退化和人口总量上升的双重压迫下,淡水养殖有望成为支撑我国居民口粮供给的另一支柱产业。基于2007-2014年我国省域淡水养殖面板数据,探寻了我国淡水养殖区域的格局变化,利用全局Moran’s I指数考察淡水养殖区的空间相关性,并通过构建空间杜宾面板模型分析了产业格局变化的影响因素。研究表明:1我国淡水养殖业呈现出"东南热、西北冷"的特点,省域间的空间相关性逐年显著;2淡水养殖资金投入增加、养殖面积扩大、区域经济发展水平提升会对淡水养殖量有正向的作用,体现我国淡水养殖业由粗放经营向集约化经营的转变;3淡水养殖面积负间接效应反映"过度养殖"和环境污染对淡水资源的破坏会减缓淡水养殖业的发展;4淡水养殖业发展和城镇化的进程之间不矛盾,在未来可以稳定持续地提供淡水产品,成为国家粮食安全和食品安全重要保障。最后从合理规划淡水养殖区域格局、平衡省份间技术推广资金投入和加强对水资源污染的监管3个方面提出了推动淡水养殖业发展的政策建议。     

The pathogenic helminth parasites of eels

Although 63 and 55 species of helminths have been reported from each species of Atlantic eel and from 29 to 19 for each species of Pacific eel only the monogeneans Pseudodactylogyrus bini and P. anguillae and the nematode Anguillicola crassus, originally specific to species of Pacific eels, can be considered serious pathogens. None of the three are normally pathogenic to their preferred natural eel host species in the wild. Pseudodactylogyrus spp. only cause serious local gill damage when present on a host in large numbers under optimal conditions that facilitate transmission. This is the case in eel aquaculture, where infections can be controlled by drugs. Anguillicola crassus is only pathogenic to Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata when Atlantic eels are introduced to the far east or when the parasites have been introduced to Europe. Here the parasite life cycle differs in that A. crassus can infect a wide range of intermediate hosts, employ paratenic hosts and survive as larvae for months in the swimbladder wall. This makes it an excellent colonizer. Its major pathogenic effects on eels result from haemorrhaging in, and thickening of, the swimbladder wall. It reduces the oxygen concentration in the swimbladder, reducing its ability to function as a hydrostatic organ, and increases the stress response of eels. In shallow lakes at warm temperatures this can result in mass mortalities. It is also feared that the parasite affects the ability of eels to migrate to the Sargasso Sea and so contributes to the decline in eel populations. Control by drug treatment is possible in culture, but not in the wild.     

Culturing freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera: a breakthrough in the conservation of an endangered species

• 1. The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera L. is globally endangered and is threatened by commercial exploitation, pollution and habitat loss throughout its range. Captive breeding would be a valuable tool in enhancing the status of M. margaritifera in the UK.
• 2. We have developed a semi‐natural system for successfully infecting juvenile brown trout with glochidial M. margaritifera, and culturing juvenile mussels in experimental tanks where glochidial M. margaritifera can excyst from fish gills and settle into sediment.
• 3. Infected fish had less than 1% mortality. Levels of infection varied among fish. Two yearly cohorts of juvenile M. margaritifera were identified from samples of sediment taken from each experimental tank. Individuals range in size from 1.4 mm (2000 cohort) to >3 mm in length (1999 cohort).
• 4. The number of juvenile M. margaritifera present in the two experimental tanks are estimated to be between 3600 (tank A) and 0 (tank B) for the putative 1999 cohort and between 6000 (tank A) and 13 000 (tank B) for the putative 2000 cohort.
• 5. This pioneering method for large‐scale cultivation of juvenile M. margaritifera is intermediate between the release of infected fish into rivers and the intensive cultivation systems developed in continental Europe and the USA for other species of unionid. This is the first time that large numbers of M. margaritifera have been cultured and represents a significant breakthrough in the conservation of this globally endangered Red Data List species. The method is straightforward and is most cost‐effective when undertaken alongside established hatchery processes.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.