2005—2016年中国东海鲐鱼渔场的时空分布及与海表面温度的关联

鲐鱼(Scomber japonicus)是中上层经济鱼类,也是我国近海重要的捕捞对象,其资源分布受不同尺度气候和海洋环境变化的显著影响。本文根据2005-2016年7-9月中国远洋渔业数据中心提供的我国东海鲐鱼捕捞数据,结合关键因子海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST),计算各年鲐鱼渔场经纬度重心,量化鲐鱼渔场重心的时空变化。进一步分析了捕捞努力量在经度、纬度以及SST上的分布规律,并基于聚类法筛选出代表年份评估异常气候事件对鲐鱼渔场内SST及渔场重心时空分布的影响。研究结果显示,鲐鱼渔场重心具有显著的年际和月间变化,7-9月渔场逐渐向东北方向移动,且主要分布在SST为25~28°C范围内。聚类分析将各月份渔场重心分为四类,其中2007和2015年渔场分布具有显著差异。此外,鲐鱼渔场内SST与尼诺指数具有显著的正相关关系,且代表年份2007和2015年分别对应拉尼娜事件和厄尔尼诺事件,当拉尼娜事件发生时,渔场内SST上升,渔场重心逐渐北移;而厄尔尼诺事件发生时,渔场内SST下降,渔场重心主要分布在南部海域。研究表明,中国东海鲐鱼渔场时空分布受到厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜调控的海表温度变化的显著影响。     

一种应用镰刀菌酸快速鉴评瓜类枯萎病抗性的方法

【目的】针对瓜类枯萎病抗性鉴评现行方法普遍存在的费时费力等问题,建立了一种可替代尖孢镰孢菌进行黄瓜、苦瓜等瓜类枯萎病抗性鉴评的高效便捷方法,为瓜类乃至其他作物枯萎病抗性育种及抗性基础研究提供便利条件。【方法】以黄瓜、苦瓜分别为子叶平展作物和子叶不平展作物代表,选取对枯萎病菌和镰刀菌酸抗、感性状一致的黄瓜、苦瓜材料,用合适浓度的镰刀菌酸溶液处理子叶叶盘或第一片真叶,根据子叶叶盘和第一片真叶的褪绿表型鉴评瓜类枯萎病的抗感表型。【结果】在适当浓度的镰刀菌酸处理下,24 h 内抗、感枯萎病的黄瓜子叶叶盘和苦瓜真叶均出现不同程度的黄化和褪绿表型,感病材料黄化和褪绿的程度明显比抗病材料严重,与其枯萎病感 / 抗性状一致,根据颜色差异能够准确区分抗 / 感枯萎病的黄瓜、苦瓜材料及其 F2 分离群体中抗 / 感枯萎病的后代单株。【结论】镰刀菌酸处理可以用于黄瓜、苦瓜乃至其他作物枯萎病抗性的快速高效鉴评,尤其适用于对镰刀菌酸和尖孢镰孢菌抗感性状一致的作物材料。     

广东黄瓜育种研究进展

黄瓜属于葫芦科黄瓜属,喜温,不耐热,在世界各地广泛栽种。黄瓜是广东省出口北运的重要蔬菜,年种植面积达 4 万 hm2 以上。概述了广东黄瓜品种选育和相关应用基础研究的历程和进展,包括品种资源收集与创新利用、新品种选育和相关技术研究等,详细阐述了广东高校和科研院所在黄瓜雌性系育种和杂种优势利用、黄瓜抗病育种及相关基础、黄瓜耐热育种及抗逆相关基础、黄瓜其他育种相关基础技术等方面的研究进展,并指出了目前广东黄瓜在品种选育方面存在的一些问题,建议广东黄瓜育种单位加强资源收集鉴评,重视特色资源的挖掘利用和选育多样化品种,满足多元化市场需求。     

棘孢木霉菌剂对黄瓜生理特性及产质量的影响

为改善黄瓜生理特性,保证其高产栽培,利用苗期和成株期盆栽试验,以无菌水为对照,分别施入10~3、10~4、10~5、10~6和10~7 cfu/g棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)菌剂,测定不同菌剂施用量后的黄瓜幼苗形态建成、生理指标、质量和产量性状。结果表明:棘孢木霉菌剂不同施用量均能有效提高幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、全株鲜重、全株干重、根冠比和壮苗指数,其中10~6 cfu/g棘孢木霉菌剂处理对黄瓜幼苗形态建成和物质积累的促进效果最好;棘孢木霉菌剂不同施用量均能改善黄瓜幼苗的生理特性,其中10~6 cfu/g棘孢木霉菌剂处理对黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量的促进效果最好;同时,棘孢木霉菌剂不同施用量均能促进黄瓜品质和产量形成,其中10~6 cfu/g棘孢木霉菌剂处理对黄瓜品质和产量促进效果最好,黄瓜果实可溶性糖、维生素C、可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物含量和果实产量分别比CK提高了78.43%、31.55%、38.47%、8.63%和26.20%。综上,棘孢木霉菌剂通过改善黄瓜幼苗生理特性,促进幼苗生长,提高了黄瓜产量和品质性状,以10~6 cfu/g棘孢木霉菌剂应用效果最好,研究成果可为木霉菌剂的开发利用和黄瓜的优质栽培提供技术支撑。     

东海南部鲐鱼生物学特征研究

本文根据1999年～2003年7月、8月在东海南部进行的4次鲐鱼围网调查资料，对东海南部海域的鲐鱼生物学特性进行研究。鲐鱼最小叉长为15．4cm，最大为28．8cm，平均叉长22．1cm；优势叉长组为19～25cm，其出现频率为80％。2002年、2003年鲐鱼叉长组成个体比1999年、2001年大；鲐鱼叉长与体重的关系进行拟合后的关系式为：W=0．0034L^3.3404；鲐鱼胃饱满度以0级为主，占70％；年龄组成以当龄鱼为主。     

Feed discrimination and selection in self-fed European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate feed discrimination and preference of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L., taking into account the effects of feed location, previous feeding experience and light conditions. Fish (63 g) were held in tanks and exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod and ambient temperature. The following feeding practices were applied in triplicate: three‐choice feeding (self‐ feeding with feeds formulated for carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous fish rotated on a weekly basis) and monofeeding (self‐feeding with one of these feeds). After 9 weeks (phase I), fish previously held in monofeeding, were subjected to three‐choice feeding for 2 weeks (phase II). In phase I, fish discriminated between feeds after their rotational displacements and preferred the feed formulated for carnivorous species. This also supported the best growth. Fish used in phase II preferred the same feed. There was no preference for any location within tanks. Feeding was generally diurnal, although in some tests with the feeds for herbivores and omnivores, diurnal and nocturnal feed demands were similar and fewer in number than with the feed formulated for carnivores.     

The sea louse Lepeophtheirus acutus (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda) as a pathogen of aquarium-held elasmobranchs

Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda), was collected from or observed on four of six elasmobranch species held at Burgers’ Zoo (Arnhem, The Netherlands). Circumstantial evidence suggested that a zebra shark, Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann), from the wild carried the infection into the facility, where copepods reproduced and colonized additional hosts. Copepods typically attached on and about the eyes, in the mouth and occasionally about the cloaca and on the claspers. Severe ocular lesions were associated with infections on zebra sharks, a grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker), whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell), and giant shovelnose ray, Rhinobatos typus Bennett, while blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard), and blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes), living in infested aquaria showed no sign of infection. Water treatments using trichlorfon were considered primarily responsible for the eradication of copepods from hosts and infested aquaria. This case is the first report of a copepod infection being closely associated with disease and death of an aquarium‐held elasmobranch. Given its ability to infect a wide variety of elasmobranchs and promote life‐threatening lesions on some hosts, L. acutus should be considered a dangerous pathogen of captive elasmobranchs.     

Stocking effectiveness of hatchery-released kuruma prawns estimated by two-stage sampling of commercial catch in Ariake Sound, Japan

ABSTRACT:    To evaluate the stocking effectiveness of the kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus , a two-stage sampling survey of Gensiki bottom-drift-netters was carried out in Ariake Sound, Saga Prefecture, Japan. A total of 471 000 hatchery-produced juveniles, marked by cutting off the right uropods, was released. Thirty-three fishing days were randomly drawn from four boats, which were selected from the 80 boats operating in the fishery. All prawns caught on the selected days were examined, and the hatchery-produced individuals were identified by their regenerated uropods. A telephone survey of all boats was also conducted, to determine the number of fishing days. A total of 286 marked prawns were caught on the survey days for the Saga area in Ariake Sound, from the last half of July to the first half of September 2002. The recapture rate and standard error were estimated at 0.76 ± 0.52%. Economic efficiency was estimated at 0.28 ± 0.02. Strategies for sampling schemes and stock recovery are also discussed.     

灵山岛浅海岩礁区刺参增殖放流研究

１９９１－１９９２年在灵山岛西侧海区进行了刺参增殖放流试验。结果表明，笼播参苗在自然海区比较安全，参苗存活率为１０％左右。撒播参苗因短期内较骓适应自然海况，易被海流带走等多种因素，参苗存活率甚低。     

多糖和益生菌对暗纹东方纯免疫功能的调节

2003年春以来，山东、辽宁等地区养殖的仿刺参出现急性口围肿胀症，其症状是口围肿胀，体表溃烂，排脏，管足附着力下降，脱落沉至池底，死亡率较高。从病参口围、体表及体壁分离出优势菌10株，经人工感染试验证实其中菌株KW21、KW22、KW23、NB13和NB14是引起仿刺参出现急性口围肿胀症的病原菌。通过16S rRNA基因序列同源性及系统发育分析表明，菌株KW21为Mahnomonas dokdonens／s；菌株KW22和菌株NB13具有相近的亲缘关系，两者均与Vibrio splendidus有较高的相似性（99％，98％）；菌株KW23为Vibrio tapetis；菌株NB14为Vibrio sp．。5株病原菌均为革兰氏阴性菌，电镜下观察菌株KW21棒杆状；菌株KW22、KW23、NB13和NB14分别为杆状、弧状、卵圆形和卵圆形，且都具有单极生鞭毛。药物敏感性试验结果表明，诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星和红霉素对5株菌均有较强的抑菌作用。Vibrio tapetis，Vibrio splendidus和Marinomonas dokdonensi作为仿刺参的病原菌属首次报道。