五条鰤早期生长发育特征及胚胎发育的温度适应特性

本研究采用显微摄像与形态度量的方法,首次系统观察和描述了五条鰤(Seriola quinqueradiata)胚胎和仔稚幼鱼阶段生长发育的形态与数量特征。结果显示,五条鰤成熟卵子为透明的圆球形浮性卵,卵径长为1.26~1.36 mm,单油球。在水温(22.0±0.5)℃、盐度30、pH 7.6~8.0的条件下,历时35 h 15 min孵化出膜。胚胎发育过程可分为卵裂前期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官发生期、肌肉效应期和脱膜孵化期8个时期。初孵仔鱼全长为(4.03±0.27) mm,卵黄囊呈长椭圆形,长度约为全长的3/8。3 DAH(day after hetching, DAH)仔鱼全长为(16.23±1.61) mm,开口,转入混合营养期,开口饵料为轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)。6 DAH仔鱼全长为(4.93±0.17) mm,卵黄囊消耗殆尽,鳔开始充气。10 DAH仔鱼全长为(5.21±0.23) mm,油球消耗完毕,完全进入外源性营养阶段。15 DAH仔鱼全长为(6.24±0.66) mm,脊椎末端开始弯曲,至25 DAH时,稚鱼全长为(10.25±1.35) mm,弯曲过程完成,开始摄食卤虫无节幼体(Artemia salina)。30 DAH稚鱼全长为(16.23±1.61) mm,开始进行配合饲料转化;40 DAH稚鱼全长为(28.07±2.32) mm,苗种摄食配合饲料良好。65 DAH幼鱼全长为(81.49±5.11) mm,体态与成体相似。研究表明,五条鰤胚胎孵化的适宜温度范围为22℃~24℃。研究结果可为构建稳定的五条鰤苗种培育技术提供依据,保障深远海养殖优质种苗生产与供给。     

黄条鰤胚胎发育观察

本文报道了福建省水产研究所2005年~2007年进行黄条鰤人工繁殖及育苗研究过程中对其胚胎发育观察结果。在海水水温23℃~25℃、盐度24~27、pH值8.0~8.3条件下,黄条鰤受精卵受精后40min为2细胞期、3h23min为囊胚期、6h55min为原肠期、11h35min为胚体期、41h30min孵出仔鱼。对胚胎各发育阶段进行较详细描述、测量和拍摄。     

Karyotype analysis of the yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi lalandi (Perciformes: Carangidae) from South Australia

The karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of the yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi lalandi were investigated by examining metaphase spreads from kidney cells of 4-month-old fish artificially bred using wild-captured broodstock from the coast of South Australia. A total of 80 mitotic metaphases from 10 individual fish were analysed, with 52 spreads having a mode of 2 n =48 chromosomes, representing 65% of the metaphases observed. The diploid consisted of two metacentric, two submetacentric, six subtelocentric and 38 telocentric chromosomes, with the fundamental number of chromosome arms being 52. The total haploid chromosome length was approximately 44.412 μm. This study shows that the karyotype of S. lalandi lalandi differs from those reported previously for other Seriola species in having one pair of metacentric chromosomes.     

Molecular diagnosis of Myxobolus spirosulcatus associated with encephalomyelitis of cultured yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel

Mass mortality of cultured yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, has recently been reported from fish farms in western Japan. Previous studies revealed that diseased fish were characterized by encephalomyelitis and presporogonic stages of a myxosporean‐like parasite in the spinal cord. However, the parasite has remained unidentified because of the lack of mature stages being present. Thus, in the present study, analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) of the parasite as well as in situ hybridization (ISH) studies using histological sections of the infected tissue was conducted. The 18S rDNA of the myxosporean had higher sequence similarities with those of bile‐duct‐infecting myxosporeans rather than those infecting nervous tissues and was identified as Myxobolus spirosulcatus. The ISH using specific probes demonstrated that the DNA amplified was derived from the multinuclear organisms found in histological sections. A highly sensitive and specific PCR‐based assay for M. spirosulcatus was developed, which revealed a high prevalence of infection in cultured yellowtail that exhibited the clinical signs of encephalomyelitis.     

Nutritional evaluation of live food organisms and commercial dry feeds used for seed production of amberjack Seriola dumerili

To improve the nutritional quality of live foods and dry feeds ordinarily used for the seed production of amberjack Seriola dumerili, the nutrient contents of rotifers, Artemia nauplii and commercial feeds used in two larval production stations were evaluated. For comparison of the nutrient contents, artificially produced larvae, wild-caught juveniles and wild zooplankton samples were also analyzed. The proportions of 22∶6n-3 in the polar lipid of the cultured larvae increased by feeding the dry feeds. The taurine contents of the cultured larvae reflected the contents of their foods (rotifers<dry feed<Artemia nauplii). The taurine content and the proportion of 22∶6n-3 in Acartia spp. were higher than in foods fed to the larvae. These parameters in the wild juveniles were higher than the cultured ones. The A/E ratios [(each essential amino acid/total essential amino acids)×1000] of the total amino acids of the live foods and dry feeds were similar to those of the cultured larvae, except for the lower ratios of histidine, arginine, threonine and lysine in the live foods. The mucosal folds of the intestine of the cultured larvae did not show typical signs of dietary phospholipid deficiency. These results suggest that requirements of nutrients such as 22∶6n-3 and taurine should be determined for mass production of amberjack seeds.     

Weaning of greater amberjack (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Seriola dumerilii</Emphasis> Risso 1810) juveniles from moist to dry pellet

The weaning of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerilii Risso 1810) to a dry diet was studied in two consecutive experiments. The experimental fish were hatchery-produced and grown to their initial size on a soft pellet containing 50% trash fish and 50% commercial dry pellet. In the first experiment, three homogenous groups of greater amberjacks (n = 153, mean weight: 374 ± 43 g), initially adapted for a period of 30 days to a diet with a 40% moisture content, were fed on commercial pellets containing three different levels of dietary moisture (7, 20 and 40%, respectively) for 126 days. We found that fish needed a month to adapt to the 7%- and 20%-moisture diets and that moisture content of the diet had a significant effect on fish growth in terms of increasing feed consumption and lowering feed conversion ratio. The group fed on the 20%-moisture diet not only compensated for the initial adaptation period but presented the higher growth rate and best feed conversion ratio. In the second experiment, all groups of experiment 1 were fed the same commercial diet with a 7% moisture content for 72 days. The group that had been previously fed on the 20%-moisture diet showed the best growth performance. The implication of the above results for the weaning of greater amberjack to dry diets is discussed in terms of the digestion process and physiology.     

黄条鰤幼鱼胃排空特征、消化酶活性及摄食调控基因表达

为阐明黄条鰤幼鱼摄食消化特性，构建最佳胃排空数学模型，确立最适摄食投喂间隔，实验检测了黄条鰤幼鱼[(63.96±5.63) g]胃排空过程中内容物质量、肝脏和肠道中消化酶活性变化，分析了垂体中摄食调控相关基因的表达，比较了线性模型、平方根模型、立方模型3种数学模型对胃排空曲线的拟合程度。结果显示，黄条鰤在摄食后瞬时胃内容物湿重呈阶段性降低，18 h后降为0，属于直线下降型胃排空类型。胃排空过程中，肝脏淀粉酶、脂肪酶和糜蛋白酶活性呈先上升后下降、随后又上升接着下降的“M”型变化趋势，淀粉酶活性在摄食后0～6 h显著上升，脂肪酶和糜蛋白酶活性在0～9 h显著上升。三种酶活性在9～12 h均呈显著下降趋势，在15～18 h显著上升，且在18 h活性达到最高；肠道中的淀粉酶在0～6 h显著上升，随后下降，9～12 h呈上升趋势，12 h活性达到最高，随后逐渐下降，其脂肪酶和糜蛋白酶活性则是在摄食后0～12 h显著上升，12 h活性达到最高，随后逐渐下降。神经肽Y (npy)和食欲素(ore) mRNA表达水平呈先上升后下降趋势，npy在摄食后12～15 h内表达水平显著上升，ore在9～15 ...     

高体鰤胚胎、早期仔鱼发育与盐度的关系

本文对高体受精卵和早期仔色发育与盐度的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明：受精卵在不同盐度下表现出不同的沉浮性，在盐度为30％。以下的海水，呈沉性；在32‰以上的海水，呈浮性；受精卵孵化的适盐范围为30－40‰，最适为32－35‰；仔鱼在不同盐度海水中的分布状态是：盐度低于30‰时，主要分布于中下层，活力差；盐度高于32‰时，主要分布中上层，活力好；在不同盐度和无投饵状态下，仔鱼生存指数SAI大小为：盐度25－40‰，SAI为10．20－18．80，其中在32－35‰时，SAI值最大（18．30－18．80）。从不同盐度下仔鱼的分布状态及仔鱼的生存指数综合分析，高体仔鱼培育的最适盐度范围为32－35‰。