菲和苯并（b）荧蒽曝露对翡翠贻贝外套膜的氧化胁迫及损伤

实验室条件下研究了不同质量浓度（2.0μg.L-1、10.0μg.L-1和50.0μg.L-1）的菲（PHE）和苯并（b）荧蒽（BbF）胁迫15 d和清洁海水恢复7 d中翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）外套膜组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和丙二醛（MDA）质量摩尔浓度的变化。结果表明,PHE胁迫下翡翠贻贝外套膜SOD活力呈先升高后降低的变化规律;BbF胁迫下的翡翠贻贝外套膜SOD活力在胁迫第15天时被显著诱导（P〈0.05）。从b（MDA）的变化来看,PHE和BbF均可导致翡翠贻贝外套膜明显的氧化损伤,之后在清洁海水的净化过程中,这种损伤逐渐降低并恢复至正常水平。鉴于2种PAHs胁迫下翡翠贻贝外套膜SOD活力和b（MDA）均发生明显变化并表现出一定的差异性,翡翠贻贝体内的生化指标适合指示PAHs对海洋环境的污染。     

Physioecology of the mussel Perna perna (Mytilidae) in Southern Brazil

The energy budget or scope for growth in bivalves has been applied to economically important species, in studies on the limits of climactic adjustment for a particular ecological niche. This paper presents the physiological rates of respiration, clearance and absorption efficiency of the marine mussel Perna perna, determined during the years 1997–2001, for mussels collected on the Santa Catarina coast, southern Brazil. These physiological parameters were achieved under static, laboratory controlled conditions. A total of 153 experiments were carried out, grouped in 2-month periods, performed seasonally in order to estimate the scope for growth and its probable sources of variation, using biotic and abiotic environmental parameters. Temperature directly influences respiration. Absorption efficiency is directly related to the organic content of the seston. Clearance rates didn't show relationship with the environmental parameters, but a tendency of being low in high temperatures. The scope for growth is negative during the hot months (January–February) reflecting the high respiration and low clearance rates, and reaches its highest positive values during the winter months and early spring, due to the high organic content of the seston and its higher absorption efficiency. Scope for growth showing a strong relationship with the biological condition index of the organisms.     

翡翠贻贝肉酶解动物蛋白营养评价及其生理活性初探

对翡翠贻贝肉酶解动物蛋白（enzymolytic animal protein,EAP)进行的营养特性研究表明，粗蛋白含量达72．8％（干基），蛋白营养价高，氨基酸价为93（第一限制氨基酸为含硫氨基酸），且富含赖氨酸，精氨酸，维生素，矿物质等；Glu,Asp,Gly等呈味物质含量丰富，是制作营养保健食品或海鲜调味料的理想原料，经动物实验表明，翡翠贻贝肉EAP剂量为320mg.kg^-1体重时，对昆明小鼠移植性肿瘤S－180的抑瘤率可达50．6％，且有增强免疫力的活性。     

水溶性石油烃组分对翡翠贻贝的毒性效应研究

在室内半静水的实验条件下,将翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)分别暴露于0.005、0.010、0.050、0.100mg.L-1的0#柴油水溶液(WSF)中,在污染后1、3、7、15d取样,于15d后转入清洁海水中进行7d污染释放试验,在18、22d采样。测定内脏团和外套膜丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性。结果表明,高剂量组(0.100、0.050mg.L-1)暴污的翡翠贻贝内脏团和外套膜SOD活性和MDA含量变化比低剂量组(0.005mg.L-1)显著(P<0.01),整个暴露过程中呈现先抑制后诱导再抑制的波动变化趋势,无明显的剂量-时间-效应关系。WSF暴露初期,内脏团组织中GSH含量和GST活性反应灵敏且受到抑制,此后受到明显诱导而升高,在暴露第7d达到最大值并显著高于空白组(P<0.01)。外套膜各剂量组GSH含量和GST活性存在此消彼长的趋势,剂量-时间效应明显。污染解除后,4种生理指标均缓慢恢复至空白对照组水平。     

基于综合生物标志物响应法的渔港重金属污染风险评价

渔港是近海污染物的重要汇集地之一,其中重金属污染尤为突出,但往往缺乏充分的环境监测数据和科学研究。本研究采集了广东和广西4个渔港的表层海水和翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)样品,测定海水和贻贝软组织中的重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Cr)含量,同时分析贻贝肝胰腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPx)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活力以及丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量等与抗氧化防御系统有关的生物标志物水平,并利用综合生物标志物响应(integrated biomarker response, IBR)指数法对不同渔港重金属污染水平进行综合评价。结果表明,海水和贻贝软组织中重金属含量均为较低水平,海水重金属综合污染指数(PI)由高至低依次为蛇口渔港>南澫渔港>达濠渔港>渔万渔港,处于自然本底状态。贻贝体内重金属综合污染指数(Pin)由高至低依次为渔万渔港>蛇口渔港>南澫渔港>达濠渔港,处于无污染水平。另外,蛇口渔港海水与贻贝组织中Cu浓度在4个渔港中均表现为最高。IBR指数评价结果表现为蛇口渔港>渔万渔港>达濠渔港>南澫渔港,蛇口渔港的IBR值最高,这与海水重金属综合污染指数结果相一致。相关性分析表明,IBR指数与海水和贻贝体内重金属综合污染指数无显著相关性,但与海水和贻贝组织中Cu的浓度具有显著正相关性。综上,蛇口渔港重金属污染风险相对较高,渔港环境中Cu污染可能需要重点关注,IBR指数综合评价与化学分析相结合在渔港环境污染评价方面具有较好的应用价值。     

翡翠贻贝双酶水解法的建立

研究了双酶法水解技术水解翡翠贻贝并制作海鲜调味料。研究结果表明：（１）水产品快速自溶技术不能应用于翡翠贻贝贝肉蛋白的水解;（２）翡翠贻贝贝肉蛋白可以用外源酶对其水解;（３）枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶都可以对贝肉蛋白水解;（４）利用正交试验分别确定了两种酶的最适水解条件并用双酶法水解新技术对贝肉蛋白水解;蛋白质水解率达到８２％;（５）试验中确定的酶的水解条件为枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶：ｐＨ７．５,温度４     

Chemical cues promote settlement in larvae of the green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus

The large (70,000 tonnes) mussel aquaculture industry for the endemic New Zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus Gmelin, currently relies almost entirely (80%) on wild caught seed that is often harvested attached to great quantities of floating algae. Natural vagaries in catches of wild mussel seed frequently result in shortages of mussel seed that, at times, have severely affected commercial aquaculture production. Both field and laboratory experiments were used to establish that chemical cues derived from algae significantly increase settlement of mussel larvae on artificial substrates. This is the first time an algal chemical cue has been implicated in the settlement behavior of P. canaliculus larvae. These results have potential commercial implications for improving mussel seed supply through inducing higher or more reliable levels of mussel settlement for aquaculture seed collection.     

两种海洋贝类多糖的提取及其生物活性评价

[目的]提取翡翠贻贝多糖和牡蛎多糖并评价其生物活性,为这两种贝类多糖的开发利用提供科学依据.[方法]采用酶解法提取翡翠贻贝多糖和牡蛎多糖,并采用苯酚—硫酸比色法测定其多糖中的总糖含量;通过纸片扩散法、清除羟基自由基(·OH)试验和MTT法分别评价两种多糖的体外抑菌活性、抗氧化活性及抗猪蓝耳病毒(PRRSV)活性.[结果]翡翠贻贝多糖和牡蛎多糖提取率分别为0.21％和0.14％,其多糖中的总糖含量分别为90.2％和90.1％.翡翠贻贝多糖和牡蛎多糖对·OH均有一定的清除作用,且随多糖质量浓度的增加而逐渐增强;对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均无明显的抑制作用;对PRRSV均无明显的阻断、抑制及直接杀灭作用.[结论]翡翠贻贝多糖和牡蛎多糖均具有一定的抗氧化活性,但不显示有意义的体外抑菌和抗PRRSV活性,可将其作为抗氧化剂资源予以研究.     

Effect of temperature on the development, growth, survival and settlement of green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)

The effect of temperature on the development, growth, survival and settlement of Perna viridis was studied under controlled conditions to provide information needed for the development of commercial hatchery technology for green mussel P. viridis. Total mortality of the larvae occurred after 24 h at temperatures of 33°C and 35°C. At 24°C, larvae took longer to settle than at temperatures of 27°C, 29°C and 31°C. For optimum larval development (8–13 h), growth (17.2±0.84 μm day^–1) and survival (55.2±0.84%), a hatchery rearing temperature of 31°C is required. For settlement no significant difference was seen between the percentage settlement at 29°C (49.3±3.34%) and 31°C (45.8±1.76%). However, the process of settlement began and ended earlier at 29°C (from 15 to 18 days) than at 31°C (from 18 to 20 days). Thus for larval settlement a temperature of 29°C is recommended.