饥饿胁迫对鲤形体、体成分及血液生理指标的影响

为了解饥饿胁迫对鲤形体、鱼体生化成分及血液生理的影响,在18～22℃条件下对鲤进行了0 d、10 d、20 d、30d的饥饿试验。试验结果表明,随着鲤饥饿时间的延长,肥满度、肠体比、肝体比呈现下降趋势,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);鲤肌肉中水分和粗灰分呈现升高的趋势,粗脂肪呈现下降的趋势,但差异均不显著(P>0.05),粗蛋白呈现下降的趋势,差异显著(P<0.05);血液中红细胞数量、血红蛋白值显著下降(P<0.05),白细胞数量呈现上升的趋势,血糖含量先下降后稳定下来。说明短期饥饿胁迫使鲤形体发生一定改变、随着饥饿时间的延长,鲤首先动用肌肉中的脂肪,再动用蛋白质来维持体内的正常代谢,同时血液生理指标也发生与饥饿相适应的变化。     

饥饿对不同体重组团头鲂肌肉和血清生化成分的影响

在水温20±1℃条件下,研究饥饿对不同体重团头鲂（141.3±4.23g,96.5±2.88g和76.8±3.17g）肌肉和血清生化成分的影响。结果表明各实验组体重均在饥饿14d后出现显著下降（p<0.05）,至28d时平均降幅为18.78%。饥饿过程中肌肉水分和粗灰分含量均逐步上升,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量则持续下降,粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量分别在饥饿14d和21d时出现显著下降（p<0.05）。血清中血糖浓度相比甘油三酯和总胆固醇对饥饿更为敏感,饥饿7d后即出现显著下降（p<0.05）,总胆固醇浓度在饥饿14d后差异尚不显著（p>0.05）,21-28d期间才显著下降（p<0.05）,甘油三酯浓度则在饥饿期间持续显著下降（p<0.05）。上述结果说明饥饿对团头鲂肌肉和血清生化成分的影响显著（p<0.05）,体重差异对上述主要指标的影响不显著（p>0.05）。     

Fatty acid utilization during the early larval stages of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

The pattern of conservation and loss of fatty acids from the yolk sac during the endogenous feeding period and subsequent starvation was studied in pompano and snook larvae. Fundamental information on the early fatty acid dynamic and mobilization of pompano and snook larvae was collected. In both species, fatty acids were utilized as an energy source after hatching. Mono‐unsaturated fatty acids were catabolized, while saturated and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids were conserved. High levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) in pompano and snook eggs, as well as selective retention in the unfed larvae suggest a high dietary requirement for this fatty acid during the early stages of larval development. The effect of an ARA supplementation was therefore investigated in snook larvae at the rotifer feeding stage. The fatty acid profile of the larvae was successfully influenced to match that of wild eggs; however, no significant improvement in growth or survival was observed. Future research should be carried out over a longer period of time and include factors related to stress resistance.     

黄鳝仔鱼饥饿试验与不可逆点的确定

【目的】确定黄鳝（Monopterus albus）的初次摄食期和不可逆点（PNR）,为提高人工繁育黄鳝苗成活率和饵料利用率提供理论依据。【方法】对刚出膜黄鳝仔鱼分别进行饥饿试验和正常投喂试验,观察卵黄囊吸收、仔鱼生长及初次摄食率的变化,分析饥饿对仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响,确定其不可逆点。【结果】在25～28℃的水温条件下,黄鳝仔鱼于5日龄（出膜后第6d）开始向外界摄食,8日龄卵黄囊吸收殆尽,5～8日龄为混合营养阶段,9日龄摄食率达到峰值（96%）,16日龄进入饥饿期;在饥饿状态下,8日龄仔鱼体长达最大值（3.20±0.0760cm）,此后略有下降但基本保持稳定,仔鱼体重于7日龄达最大值（0.0205±0.0533g）,此后不断下降;饥饿仔鱼的肥满度一直呈下降趋势,进入不可逆期后体色逐渐发黑,身体呈非正常扭曲,摄食能力极大降低,外界干扰时出现颤抖、打转现象直至死亡。【结论】在25～28℃的水温条件下,黄鳝仔鱼的最佳投喂时机在8日龄,16日龄抵达不可逆点。     

黑缘红瓢虫成虫的耐饥力研究

在完全不提供食物的条件下黑缘红瓢虫成虫的耐饥力进行测定,试验结果表明：其阶段死亡率（M）与存活时间（T）之间可以用正态分布曲线拟合。而成虫的LT50取曲线中参数μ的值。同时LT50与成虫发育时间（t)之间也有线性相关关系：LT50=3.1385 1.9324t,即随着成虫发育,其饥饿耐受能力逐渐增强。     

饥饿和再投喂对中间球海胆性腺发育的影响

对中间球海胆Strongylocentrotus intermedius进行了不同时间的饥饿和再投喂试验。采用各组“饥饿时间 投喂时间”相同的试验设计,在30 d内,试验组(S3、S6、S9、S12组)海胆分别饥饿3、6、9和12d后再连续饱食投喂直至试验结束,同时设对照组S0。结果表明:试验结束时S3组海胆性腺重、性腺指数均接近对照组,其余各组较对照组低;特殊生长率在再投喂的第2 d或第4 d出现最大值。性腺组织学观察的结果表明:对照组海胆性腺为滤泡型,由生殖细胞和营养细胞构成,发育至生长期;随着饥饿时间的延长,雄海胆性腺中成熟精子的数量减少,雌海胆性腺中初级卵母细胞发育迟缓,而雌、雄海胆性腺中营养细胞的数量无明显变化;再投喂后,性腺有不同程度的发育。     

Hydroponic experiment for identification of tolerance traits developed by rice Nagina 22 mutants to low-phosphorus in field condition

Development of phosphate (P)-deficiency tolerant rice cultivars is constrained by lack of suitable, reproducible, and consistent seedling stage screening methods in breeding programs. This study reports the screening and characterization of M5 mutants derived from an ethyl methane sulfonate treated population of rice cv. Nagina 22 (N22) in low-P field (soil Olsen P 1.94–2.01 mg kg^?1; alkaline Vertisol; pH 7.94) for high yield. The present study showed that seedling growth responses such as increase in root weight, root length, root/shoot weight, and dry weight in P-deficient medium can be taken as indices of low-P tolerance in mature plants in field. Total phosphorus content in seedlings showed an inverse relationship with total phosphorus content and low-P tolerance in mature plants in the field. But, phosphorus content in seeds and acid phosphatase activity in the seedling stage were positively correlated with survival and seed set in low-P field. In low-P field, plant height correlated most with yield per plant, and the number of productive tillers in mature plants was highly correlated with tiller number at vegetative stage. These mutants (NH776, NH710, and NH719) have agronomic importance because of their ability to grow and give higher yield than N22 in P-deficient field.     

Internal Mechanisms of Plant Adaptation to Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Starvation in Three Tropical Forages

Many tropical forage grasses and legumes grow well in acid soils, adapting to excess aluminum (Al) and phosphorus (P) starvation stresses by using mechanisms that are still unclear. To determine these mechanisms, responses to Al toxicity and P starvation in three tropical forages were studied: two grasses, Brachiaria hybrid cv. ‘Mulato’ (B. ruziziensis clone 44-06 × B. brizantha cv. ‘Marandú’) and Andropogon gayanus, and one legume, Arachis pintoi. The tropical grasses tolerated high levels of Al toxicity and P starvation, with the Brachiaria hybrid maintaining very low levels of Al concentration in shoots. ²⁷Al Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis revealed that, in the Brachiaria hybrid, Al makes complexes with some ligands such as organic-acid anions in the root symplast. The forages probably adapted to P starvation through high P-use efficiency. These experiments provide the first direct evidence we know of that organic acid anions within root tissue help detoxify Al in non-accumulator species such as the Brachiaria hybrid.     

柱花草磷饥饿响应基因SgPHR1和SgPHR2的克隆与表达分析

低磷胁迫是限制作物生长和产量的重要因素之一。磷饥饿响应因子PHR（phosphate starvation response）是植物磷信号调控网络中的关键因子,具有调控植物磷平衡的生物学功能。本研究在柱花草（Stylosanthes guianensis）中克隆到转录因子SgPHR1和SgPHR2基因。SgPHR1和SgPHR2基因cDNA全长分别为1413 bp和849 bp,编码470和282个氨基酸残基,蛋白分子量分别为51.4 kD和30.9 kD。SgPHR1和SgPHR2均为SANT家族成员,包含MYB蛋白结构域和CC蛋白结构域,并具有多个潜在的磷酸化位点。亚细胞定位预测表明,SgPHR1和SgPHR2均定位于细胞核中。实时定量PCR结果表明,SgPHR1基因在柱花草根和叶中的表达量高于茎中的表达量,而SgPHR2基因在叶中表达量显著高于根和茎。缺磷（-P）和缺氮（-N）处理均显著增强了SgPHR1和SgPHR2在柱花草根中的表达。不同缺磷时间处理结果进一步表明了SgPHR1和SgPHR2在转录水平上响应低磷胁迫,暗示SgPHR1和SgPHR2可能参与了柱花草对低磷胁迫的应答。本研究结果为解析柱花草响应低磷胁迫的分子机制提供了候选基因。