Effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil fertility and productivity of plant and ratoon crops of sugarcane

A long-term field experiment was initiated in November, 1967 at Research Area of Department of Soil Science to study the response of nitrogen to pearl millet-wheat cropping system at various doses and modes of farmyard manure application. The soil organic carbon increased with farmyard manure application and ranged from 0.68% in control to 1.82% in the plot receiving the highest annual dose (90 Mg ha^?1) of farmyard manure. To study the contribution of farmyard manure on the productivity of pearl millet and wheat crops, the constants (intercept and slope) were determined between the grain yield of pearl millet and wheat crops with increasing dose of fertilizer nitrogen. Another linear regression was fitted between the intercept of the linear model and the soil organic carbon content. It has been observed that with each unit increase in the soil organic carbon, the productivity of pearl millet increased by 273 kg ha^?1 and that of wheat by 1591 kg ha^?1. The regression between the slope and soil organic carbon was linear in case of pearl millet (R² 0.49) but in case of wheat there was no relationship.     

Evaluation of the effect of processing techniques on the nutrient and antinutrient contents of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) seeds

This work was undertaken to evaluate the effect of soaking, sprouting, cooking and fermentation or their combinations on the nutrient and antinutrient contents of pearl millet seeds. Standard assay procedures were adopted to determine both the nutrient and the antinutrient concentrations of the products. The synergistic effect of cooking and fermentation improved the nutrient quality. The antinutrients were reduced to safe levels to a greater extent than did any of the other processing techniques or their combinations employed.     

Development,nutritive content and shelf life of home processed supplementary foods

Four low cost supplements containing whole wheat, pearl millet, bengal gram, green gram grain and amaranth leaves employing roasting and malting methods were developed. Nutritional evaluation showed that chemical composition of developed supplements was within the range prescribed for processed supplements and could meet satisfactorily one third requirements of protein, energy, iron and calcium for young children. Developed supplements were stored in three packings, polythene bags, tins with lids, glass bottle with lids (each 1 kg capacity, under ambient temperature (24–32°C) and RH (70–80%) for a period of 30 days and analysed for moisture, peroxide value, fat acidity and alcoholic acidity. Stored samples were also evaluated organoleptically. The values of moisture, peroxide value, fat acidity and alcoholic acidity of stored samples were within the range of prescribed specifications for processed supplements. Storage of supplements for 30 days resulted in non-significant changes in organoleptic traits except for taste and aroma of bajra based supplements on 20th and 30th day of storage. In spite of these variations, all the supplements were found to be acceptable till 30th day of storage.     

Development,acceptability and nutritional value of weaning mixtures

Low cost weaning mixtures were prepared by mixing (i) malted pearl millet (Penicitum typhidium L), roasted amaranth (Amaranthus sp.); roasted green gram (Vigna radiata); jaggery and (ii) malted barley (Dehusked barley); roasted amaranth grain; roasted green gram; jaggery in proportion 60204045 wt/wt and were nutritionally evaluated. Both the blends had a nutrient composition within the range prescribed by the Indian Standard Institute (ISI) for processed weaning foods. The processing of grains resulted in lower levels of phytic acid, polyphenols and saponins and higher in vitro protein digestibility than those of the raw grains used for preparing mixtures. Both the mixtures were acceptable to trained panelists and children.     

城市化对广州地表水质的影响

城市化是人类社会发展的必然结果。随着城市化进程的加快,各类问题日益突出,特别是作为一切经济活动基础的水资源,已经到了非常严重的地步。以珠江广州河段为例,选取了1984年至2000年珠江广州河段9个断面的8种主要污染物的监测数据,分别研究它们在时间和空间上的变化特征。并对其原因进行了分析,在此基础上提出解决水质进一步恶化的建议。希望能够有助于在理论上、政策上进行探索和创新,进而对科学推进城市化战略的具体实践活动提供参考。     

Agricultural intensification in the Sahel – The ladder approach

Agricultural intensification in the Sahel can be described as climbing a ladder. The capital, labour, management and institutional requirements increase when farmers climb the ladder, but the potential gains are also higher. The first step on this ladder are agricultural practices without any financial outlay but with increasing labour demand, such as organic fertilizer use, seed priming, water harvesting and harvesting grains at physiological maturity to improve fodder quality. The next step on the ladder is the use of micro-fertilising, popularly known as microdose, at the rate of 0.3 g NPK fertilizer per pocket in sorghum and millet. The following step is the development of improved crop/livestock systems characterized by use of higher rates of mineral fertilisers and manure, increasing cowpea density and improved animal fattening. The last step presented on the ladder is the development of more commercially orientated agriculture characterized by development of cash crops, milk production and/or agroforestry systems. Evidences from the field support the observation that farmers intensify their production in a sequential manner similar to the way described in this paper. The technologies presented can facilitate agricultural intensification by reducing the risks and minimising the cost in agricultural production.     

珠三角地区密养淡水鱼塘水质状况分析与评价

池塘养殖是珠三角地区淡水渔业生产的主要形式。2012年5月～12月对草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、云斑尖塘鳢（Oxyeleotris marmoratus）、大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）和乌鳢（Channa argus）等该地区几种主要密养淡水品种鱼塘水质进行监测,分析水体理化环境因子,并选取pH、溶解氧（DO）、非离子氨（NH3）、氨氮（NH4^＋-N）、硝酸盐氮（NO3^--N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO2^--N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）和透明度等10项因子,采用单项污染指数和负荷比对监测参数进行单项评价,用综合污染指数法对各池塘水质进行整体评价。结果表明4种密养淡水鱼塘营养盐负荷高问题突出,NH3、NO3^--N、NO2^--N、TN和TP为池塘中的主要污染因素;草鱼池塘主要污染物为NH3和TN,其污染负荷合计为37.58%;云斑尖塘鳢池塘主要污染物为NH3、NO3^--N和TN,其污染负荷达59.37%;大口黑鲈池塘的主要污染物为NH3、TN、NO3^--N和NO2^--N,其污染负荷高达66.80%;乌鳢池塘的主要污染物为TN、NO3^--N、TP和NH3,其污染负荷达59.43%;对CODMn的分析与评价结果显示,池塘水体中还原性有机质含量高;由综合污染指数判定,所有池塘水体均为＂重污染＂等级,并超出警戒水平。     

A method for inducing muscle relaxation in the abalone, Haliotis iris

Four chemical and two non-chemical methods for induction of relaxation in the abalone, Haliotis iris, were tested for prospective use in pearl seeding. Requirements were for rapid onset of relaxation, full extension and softening of the foot and epipodium muscle for at least 10 min, and recovery with minimal stress and no mortality. Nembutal at 1 ml/l was most successful, producing relaxed and soft muscle with good accessibility to operation sites, and no mortality. Benzocaine and MS-222 made animals release from container walls within 30–60 min, but the animal's muscle was hard and contracted. Propylene phenoxytol caused muscle contraction and mortality at 2.5 ml/l. The effects of the chemical relaxants were similar in warm (21–22.5°C) and cool (15–16°C) water. Elevation of the water temperature from 18°C to 23°C (without chemicals) caused some softening of the muscle, but was much less effective than Nembutal. Air exposure for up to 4 h was ineffective. This work provides a simple method to relax live abalone for pearl nucleation or other manipulations.     

论城市化进程中珠三角的城市森林建设

文章在深化对城市林业重要意义认识的基础上,探讨了珠三角地区城市森林体系建设存在的问题和发展思路,目的在于为促进珠三角地区城市生态系统建设与可持续发展提供借鉴。     

珍珠油杏简易设施避雨栽培技术研究

珍珠油杏以果面光洁油亮、果肉金黄蜜甜、可溶性固形物含量高而赢得消费者的喜爱,但是该品种存在近成熟期果实糖化、遇雨容易裂果的生理缺陷,生产者普遍认为栽培管理难度较大,遇到采收期降雨量较大的年份,裂果率会达到90%以上,基本失去商品价值。所以,珍珠油杏在沂蒙山区的推广面积一直不大,量少质优必然价高,近几年珍珠油杏田间收购价常常徘徊在12元/kg,单位收益相当可观。据此,围绕解决裂果生产难题,探索珍珠油杏简易设施避雨栽培技术,具有较大的生产意义。我们于2019年在费县东蒙镇太白庄村开展了避雨栽培技术研究,采取了高垄大小行栽培、树盘覆盖无纺布、节水灌溉、拱棚动态覆膜等技术措施,增强了花期冻害防御能力,提高了座坐果率,成功降低了根际土壤湿度和园内空气湿度,实现了优质果率94%、裂果率低于5%,配套技术成熟,具备较强的推广应用价值。