珠三角河网初级生产力时空差异及其影响因素

为评价珠三角河网初级生产力,于2015年3月、6月、9月、12月对其进行取样调查,采用多元统计方法研究初级生产力时空差异及其与环境因素关系。结果表明,珠三角河网初级生产力(碳,C)为98.81~927.21mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),均值为346.51 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)。调查区域初级生产力季节变化明显,总体上表现为春季冬季夏季秋季。各站位初级生产力均值以珠江桥站位最高[600.61 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)],市桥站位最低[232.60 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)]。初级生产力与透明度、氮磷营养盐、叶绿素a呈正相关关系(P0.01,n=52),与硅酸盐呈负相关关系(P0.01,n=52),与水体富营养化综合指数(EI)呈线性相关关系。珠三角河网以中营养、富营养为主体,与其他水域相比,初级生产力较低,污染程度较严重,需防止其向富养化发展。     

酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成及血清生化的影响

以酶解磷虾粉分别替代基础饲料中0(T0)、10％(T10)、20％(T20)、30％(T30)、40％(T40)、50％(T50)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮等能的饲料,研究饲料中酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血液生化指标、抗氧化性能及氟残留的影响.选取初始均重为(57.80±0.28)g的珍珠龙胆石斑幼鱼360尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,试验周期为56 d.结果显示,(1) T30组的增重率、特定生长率和摄食率均显著高于T0组(P＜0.05);在替代量大于20％时,饲料干物质表观消化率显著高于T0组()＜0.05);各替代组的饲料系数、肥满度、肝体比、蛋白质效率、蛋白质消化率与T0组无显著差异(P＞0.05).(2)各替代组全鱼和肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量与T0组无显著差异(P＞0.05);T30组肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著高于T0组(P＜0.05).(3)各组间血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白含量无显著差异(p0.05);T30组尿素氮含量显著低于T0组(P＜0.05);各替代组低密度脂蛋白含量显著高于T0组(P＜0.05).(4)酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉显著升高了珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼血清和肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及血清超氧化物歧化酶的活力(P＜0.05),同时,显著降低了血清和肝脏中丙二醛含量(P＜0.05).(5)各组肌肉氟含量均在可检测范围以下,各组间骨骼氟含量随着替代比例的升高而升高,各组差异显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,综合考虑生长性能、体成分、生化指标及抗氧化性能,酶解磷虾粉可替代珍珠龙胆石斑鱼饲料中40％以下的鱼粉,替代量为30％时效果最佳.     

Effect of in vitro exposure to Vibrio vulnificus on hydroelectrolytic transport and structural changes of sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) intestine

The everted gut sac technique has been used to investigate the effect of Vibrio vulnificus on water and electrolyte (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃ ⁻) transport on the intestine of sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Both the anterior and the posterior intestine were incubated in a medium containing 10⁸ V. vulnificus cells ml⁻¹ at 25°C for 2 h. The presence of V. vulnificus resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of water absorption in the anterior intestine, while sodium absorption in the anterior (P < 0.01) and posterior (P < 0.05) intestine was elevated. Chloride absorption was increased, but the changed was not significant, while potassium absorption decreased significantly (P < 0.05), but only in the posterior intestine. Incubation the sea bream intestine with V. vulnificus did not affect carbonate secretion in the anterior segment, whereas high secretion was stimulated in the posterior segment (P < 0.01). Histological evaluations demonstrated damage in the anterior intestine of sea bream that was characterized by the detachment of degenerative enterocytes, alterations in the microvilli, and the presence of a heterogenous cell population, indicating inflammation. Based on our results, we conclude that V. vulnificus caused cell damage to the intestine of sea bream and that the anterior intestine is more susceptible than the posterior part of the intestine. Several hypotheses are suggested to explain our observations, such as the presence of higher numbers of villosities in the anterior intestine than in the posterior one and/or the presence of endogenous bacteria in the posterior intestine which may have a protector role.     

珠三角地区稻田土壤和谷粒中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分布特征及人体健康暴露风险

选择珠三角地区(东莞、惠州、广州、番禺)4个水稻种植区,采集土壤(30个)和水稻谷粒(37个)样品,通过超声提取进行样品前处理,利用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析9种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)化合物的含量,研究PAEs的污染特征和人体健康暴露风险。结果表明,4个地区稻田土壤中PAEs总含量(∑PAEs)为3.25~8.05 mg·kg-1(平均为5.25 mg·kg-1),水稻谷粒的∑PAEs为1.77~4.13 mg·kg-1(平均为2.93 mg·kg-1),两者均以东莞的平均值最高,分别为(6.26±1.45)mg·kg-1和(3.13±0.71)mg·kg-1。土壤和水稻谷粒中PAEs均以邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)为主,三者的累计含量占∑PAEs的85%以上。水稻谷粒对PAEs化合物的生物富集系数在0.37~1.27之间,部分DBP、DIBP、DEHP的大于1。大米和谷壳中∑PAEs分别为1.33~3.22 mg·kg-1(平均为2.17 mg·kg-1)和0.81~2.61 mg·kg-1(平均为1.43 mg·kg-1)。若人体食用这些大米,成人和儿童对DBP和DEHP的日均摄入量均小于10μg·kg-1bw·d-1,低于美国环保局推荐的日允许摄入量(DBP:100μg·kg-1bw·d-1,DEHP:20μg·kg-1bw·d-1),健康暴露风险较小。但人体通过食用大米的长期低剂量暴露不容忽视。     

基于CA模型的珠江三角洲基塘景观破碎化分析及其模拟

在对珠江三角洲传统基塘区2000、2006、2011年基塘景观破碎化特征分析的基础上,运用LogisticCA模型开展了传统基塘区2020年的基塘景观的模拟研究。结果表明,2000~2011年,传统基塘区基塘面积减少了46.65%,斑块数量由139个增加到1 072个,平均斑块面积减少了97.12%,反映了斑块由集中成片发展成为破碎的状态;形状指数增加了36.23%,在人类活动的干预下,基塘斑块形状趋于复杂化;边缘密度减少了88.57%,反映了单位面积上斑块数量增多了;平均最近邻近距离变化幅度最大,减少了99.75%,说明相同类型的斑块之间的距离变近,呈团聚分布。根据2020年模拟结果 ,基塘面积减少53.38%,基塘斑块数量增加为2 045个,平均斑块面积减少82.33%,形状指数增加22.12%,边缘密度增加80.74%,平均最近邻近距离减少86.00%,基塘破碎化的程度有所减缓。研究结果可为传统基塘区生态服务功能的延续、农业生态系统的恢复和区域生态经济的可持续发展提供参考。     

珠江三角洲网河区顶点河道断面侵蚀形态的演变

[目的]研究断面形态的演变特征,给上游来水来沙、人类活动影响的分析提供检验,也为下游水文地貌的演变提供科学依据。[方法]利用珠江三角州网河区三水站和马口站资料,通过提取反映河道断面侵蚀形态的指标,采用模拟退火算法优化的投影寻踪模型,综合解析河道断面侵蚀形态的演变特征。[结果]由于三水站2009年的虚实比远大于其他年份的虚实比,2009年三水站断面侵蚀形态异于其他年份外,其他年份侵蚀形态的变化较为缓和;对于马口站而言,尽管该断面的侵蚀形态变化较多,但综合5项反映河道断面侵蚀形态指标来看,该断面形态的变化类型总体上可以划分成2种侵蚀类别。[结论]总体上,21世纪初马口和三水站断面比20世纪90年代过水断面增大,断面的过水能力有加大的趋势。     

塑料增塑剂（邻苯二甲酸酯）对珠三角城市群典型中小城市土壤的污染研究

选择了经济相对发达的珠江三角洲城市群中的典型中小城市的菜地和果园土壤进行调查取样,对16种PAEs（邻 苯二甲酸酯）化合物进行了检测,以研究其分布特征,并初步探讨了本区域的PAEs的污染控制问题。结果表明,在珠三角城市中,东莞土壤的PAEs含量最高,各地土壤中的PAEs平均含量依次为东莞〉深圳（珠海）〉中山（惠州）;从珠三角城市菜地和果园的平均PAEs分布来看,东莞和深圳的菜地PAEs明显高于果园;珠海、中山和惠州菜地的平均PAEs与果园基本持平。16种PAEs类化合物在珠江三角洲不同城市的分布各异,东莞市果园和菜地土壤中有11种PAEs含量是采样的5个城市中最高的,表明东莞市土壤受到PAEs污染相对严重,并且值得关注的是东莞土壤中的HEP含量要远远高于其他PAEs化合物。虽然与国内外其他城市土壤相比,所取样调查的珠江三角洲城市土壤中的PAEs含量相对不高,但与美国土壤PAEs控制标准相比,珠三角城市果园和菜地土壤的PAEs主要表现为DEP和DnBP超标,这两类PAEs化合物应该成为重点的污染控制对象。     

Dynamics of yolk sac content absorption and intestine development in ducklings fed mixtures with increasing dietary methionine level

The experiment was carried out with ducklings fed-control feed mixture (Met level 0.3%) and mixtures supplemented with dl-methionine at the dose of 0.03 (II); 0.07 (III) 0.12 (IV) and 0.18% (V). In 5 h post-hatch (12 birds) and on days 3, 4, 6 always 18 birds were taken out from each treatment and killed, then the yolk sac (YS) and intestine were removed. The weight and chemical composition of YS residues (in them also amino acids) were analysed. Moreover on days 1, 3, 4 and 6, the amino acid pattern of YS residual protein was elaborated as well as length and weight of intestine were recorded. Increased doses of supplemental Met improved body weight gain after 4 days of ducklings life. All determined parameters were not affected by treatment. Development of intestines, yolk sac weight and yolk sac composition (DM, fat, protein, amino acid composition) changed with age; however, without any clear effect from dietary methionine level. No differences between sex and analysed parameters were stated.     

珠防工程幼林地土壤性状及其保土功能研究

本文在对珠防工程监测样地调查、测定的基础上,对工程二期幼林地近三年的土壤理化性状及保土功能进行了初步研究,结果表明：3～4年生的珠防工程幼林地的土壤非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度比荒山高0．25％～1．41％、1．82％～3．15％和2．07％～4．56％;土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量分别在68．25g／kg～83．12g／kg和21．85cmol（＋）／kg～30．60cmol（＋）／kg之间,分别比荒山高25．0％～52．3％和15．6％～61．9％;珠防林幼林地的土壤侵蚀面积在1334～1538．4m^2之间,比荒山少45．2％～52．2％。通过估算,从2004年-2005年珠防二期工程共减少土壤侵蚀量5．03&#215;10^4T。     

Utility of pearl millet landraces in breeding dual-purpose hybrids for arid zone environments of India

In pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), single cross hybrids based largely on exotic germplasm, have found very limited adoption in drought-prone arid regions mainly due to their inadequate adaptation to prevalent extremely harsh agro-climatic conditions. This study tested the hypothesis that the use of restorer parents derived from adapted landrace germplasm could be an alternative strategy in developing suitable hybrids for arid regions. Forty inbred restorer lines developed from two phenotypically diverse landraces were used to develop hybrids evaluated in this study for their performance in five typical arid zone environments between 2003 and 2007. Inbred lines from both landrace populations differed significantly in their combining ability for biomass, harvest index and grain and stover yields. A larger proportion of experimental hybrids, based on selected inbred lines, significantly outperformed the commercial checks for grain and stover yields. Increase in grain and stover yields was achieved primarily due to their higher biomass productivity, with no decline in harvest index. Choice of landrace determined the relative grain and stover productivity of their hybrids. Phenotypic differences observed in parental landraces in tillering and panicle length were also visible in their respective hybrids, indicating that characteristics of landrace parental populations were transmitted in their hybrids.