Evolutionary assembly rules for fish life histories

We revisit the empirical equation of Gislason et al. (2010, Fish and Fisheries 11 :149–158) for predicting natural mortality (M, year^?1) of marine fish. We show it to be equivalent to , where L_∞ (cm) and K (year^?1) are the von Bertalanffy growth equation (VBGE) parameters, and L (cm) is fish length along the growth trajectory within the species. We then interpret K in terms of the VBGE in mass , and show that the previous equation is itself equivalent to a ?? power function rule between M and the mass at first reproduction (W_α); this new ?? power function emerges directly from the life history that maximizes Darwinian fitness in non‐growing populations. We merge this M, W_α power function with other power functions to produce general across‐species scaling rules for yearly reproductive allocation, reproductive effort and age at first reproduction in fish. We then suggest a new way to classify habitats (or lifestyles) as to the life histories they should contain, and we contrast our scheme with the widely used Winemiller–Rose fish lifestyle classification.     

Decadal trends in abundance,size and condition of Antarctic toothfish in McMurdo Sound,Antarctica, 1972–2011

We report the analyses of a dataset spanning 39 years of near‐annual fishing for Dissostichus mawsoni in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, 1972–2011. Data on total length, condition and catch per unit effort (CPUE) were derived from the > 5500 fish caught, the large majority of which were measured, tagged and released. Contrary to expectation, the length frequency of the McMurdo Sound catch was dominated by fish in the upper two‐thirds of the overall distribution exhibited in the industrial catch for the Ross Sea shelf. Fish length and condition increased from the early 1970s to the early 1990s and then decreased. Fish length positively correlated with Ross Sea ice extent in early spring, a relationship possibly caused by more ice encouraging larger fish to move farther south over the shelf and into the study area. Fish condition positively correlated with the amount of open water in the Ross Sea during the previous summer (Feb), perhaps reflecting greater availability of prey with the higher productivity that more open water brings. Decreasing fish size corresponds to the onset of the fishery, which targets the large individuals. CPUE was constant through 2001 and then decreased dramatically. We hypothesize that this decrease is related to the industrial fishery, which began in the 1996–97 austral summer, and concentrates effort over the ice‐free Ross Sea continental slope. As a result of limited prey choices and close coupling among mesopredators of the region, Antarctic toothfish included, the fishery appears to be dramatically altering the trophic structure of the Ross Sea.     

新疆某枢纽工程鱼道的设计

新疆某枢纽工程为低水头拦河建筑物,位于河流平原区,两岸地形平坦开阔。１１月－翌年３月,泄洪闸全部开启,河道基本为自然状态,鱼类可以自由通过;４－１０月,部分泄洪闸关闭,是本工程的过鱼季节。过鱼对象主要是新疆裸重唇鱼等需要短距离迁徙的裂鳆鱼类,兼顾草鱼、鲢等经济鱼类。综合考虑诱鱼能力、过鱼能力、鱼类适应程度、建造成本和运行维护等因素,其过鱼设施经过比选后选定为仿自然通道型鱼道。介绍了该工程仿自然通道型鱼道的论证与设计过程,为低水头拦河建筑物的过鱼设施设计提供借鉴。     

2种大豆蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白对鲤蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响

为研究不同大豆蛋白源对鲤(Cyprinus carpil)蛋白酶活力和淀粉酶活力的影响,将初始体质量为(10025±098)g的健康鲤180尾随机分为3组,每组3次重复,以鱼粉为动物蛋白源(对照组),全脂豆粉、去皮豆粕为植物蛋白源(全脂豆粉和去皮豆粕分别替代20％鱼粉蛋白),配制3种等蛋白(36％)、等能(15.2 MJ／kg)的半精制饲料,在室内单循环控温养殖系统中进行为期6周的饲养试验,然后分别采用福林—酚试剂法、碘—淀粉比色法测定鲤肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶与淀粉酶的活力。结果表明:不同大豆蛋白源对鲤蛋白酶活力影响不同,对淀粉酶活力影响不显著。全脂豆粉组鲤肝胰脏、前肠蛋白酶活力与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);中肠和后肠蛋白酶活力显著下降(P<0.05)。去皮豆粕组肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活力与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。2种大豆蛋白源对鲤肝胰脏和前肠、中肠、后肠淀粉酶活力影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

海南山地森林溪流鱼类群落的初步研究

2008年7月至2009年9月对海南岛自然保护区的鱼类组成和生境进行了调查,共采集鱼类39种,隶属5目15科34属.鱼类群落中以山区溪流性小型鱼类为主.鲤科鱼类是其中最大的类群,构成鱼类区系成分的主体.万泉河水系有27种,多于昌化江水系的25种和南渡江水系的21种,植物食性占12.82％,动物食性占23.08％,杂食性...     

转基因鱼构建方法综述

从转入鱼体的外源基因结构入手,逐步介绍了转基因鱼的构建过程,即从外源基因的构建到外源基因导入鱼体的过程,并重点介绍了目前所使用的几种将外源基因导入鱼体的方法。     

海洋软骨鱼软骨抗肿瘤物质的研究进展

筛选高效低毒的抗肿瘤药物是海洋新药研发最为重要的课题之一。软骨鱼软骨中富含多肽、低分子量蛋白、糖蛋白和多糖等活性物质,可以作为新生血管生成抑制因子、肿瘤细胞抑制因子、免疫调节因子和抗入侵因子等用于肿瘤的治疗和预防。本文对软骨鱼软骨中活性物质及其功效进行综述,将为软骨的研究利用提供参考。     

豆粕替代鱼粉对日本黄姑鱼生长、饲料利用及体成分影响的研究

开展了为期63d的饲养试验以评价豆粕替代鱼粉对日本黄姑鱼生长、体组成和饲料利用率的影响。配制了3种等氮饲料,以豆粕蛋白分别替代0％、20％和40％的鱼粉蛋白,饲养初始重大约5．67～5．77g／尾的幼鱼。结果显示,各组间的增重率和特定生长率值没有显著差异性存在（P〉0．05）。然而添加豆粕的D2和D3组的摄食率和FCR值显著地高于鱼粉组,PER的值显著地低于鱼粉组（P〈0．05）。日本黄姑鱼的内脏比、肠脂比和丰满度的值在各组之间无显著性差异存在（P〉0．05）,但高水平豆粕添加组（D3）的肝体比最低,且显著地低于D2组（P〈0．05）。不同饲料处理对日本黄姑鱼体成分和背肌组织成分组成没有显著性影响（P〉0．05）。总之,在本实验条件下,豆粕可以替代40％的饲料鱼粉蛋白而没有引起日本黄姑鱼生长的下降。     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵鱼蛋白制备抗氧化型发酵液工艺的初步研究

利用食用级枯草芽孢杆菌发酵鱼蛋白制备抗氧化型发酵液,以发酵液的DPPH清除率为抗氧化性指标,分别研究了接种量、发酵时间、料液比、葡萄糖添加量、装液量和摇床转速对产物抗氧化性的影响。结果表明：接种量2%、发酵时间24 h、水：鱼肉比例2：1、葡萄糖添加量2%、（50~100）mL/250 mL三角瓶的装液量和摇床转速150 r/min分别是各单因素下的最佳水平。发酵液经蛋白质、肽类和游离氨基酸定性检测均呈阳性,表明是具有抗氧化作用的肽类混合物。     

不同浓度O-羧甲基壳聚糖对河豚鱼冷藏保鲜效果的研究

将河豚鱼宰杀、清理、分块,用浓度分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的O-羧甲基壳聚糖(O-CMC)水溶液浸泡鱼肉后,分装放入4℃的冰箱中冷藏,研究不同浓度O-CMC对冷藏条件下河豚鱼保鲜效果的影响。试验表明:O-CMC能较好地维持河豚鱼的鲜度,抑制细菌的增长,延缓挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)、三甲胺(TMA)及pH的升高。其中1.0%O-CMC对河豚鱼保鲜效果最好,在4℃冷藏条件下,能有效延长河豚鱼的保藏期。