Carbonization mechanism of bamboo（phyllostachys） by means of Fourier Transform Infrared and elemental analysis

Bamboo was carbonized at different temperatures ranging from 200℃ to 600℃.The dependence of the change of hemicellulose,cellulose,and lignin on the temperature was investigated by means of elemental analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the residual solid products.The results showed:(1)Below 200℃,hemicellulose in bamboo wasdecomposed and a large amount of hydroxyl groups are dislocated from hemicellulose and cellulose,accompanied by the evolution of water to escape.(2)200℃-250℃,cellulose in bamboo was brastically decomposed whereas the net structure of lignin keep stable,with the except of the dislocation of methoxyl groups from lignin.(3)250℃-400℃,the net structure of lignin collapse,up to 400℃,followed by that the more position in aryl groups are substituted.(4)For bamboo carbonization,the aromatization of residual carbon has approximately completed at the temperature as high as 600℃.But the fusion of aromatic rings possibly does not occur.     

秸秆还田与氮肥施用对夏玉米物质生产的影响研究

试验研究秸秆还田与N肥施用对夏玉米干物质生产的影响结果表明,秸秆还田与N肥施用对夏玉米干物质生产有促进作用,且在一定程度上延缓夏玉米叶片衰老,延长叶片功能期,并促进夏玉米干物质由茎秆向籽粒的转运。     

不同灌溉条件下稻草还田对土壤供氮特征及水稻产量的影响

通过2年裂区试验,研究了不同灌溉方式和施肥条件下稻草还田对土壤供N特征及产量的影响。结果表明:上年晚稻草还田提高了翌年早稻期间土壤NH4 -N浓度;配施N肥后新鲜早稻草还田也增加了晚稻期间土壤NH4 -N浓度,但不施N肥淹水灌溉下稻草还田土壤NH4 -N浓度低于移走稻草的处理,间歇灌溉下稻草还田处理土壤NH4 -N浓度仍高于移走稻草的处理。稻草还田能增加水稻产量,早稻增产幅度为6.85%,晚稻为8.17%;施用N肥后稻草增产效应显著高于不施N肥处理,分别增产9.18%和5.83%。稻草还田主要通过影响有效穗数来影响产量,但水稻生长季节、灌溉模式和施肥条件对稻草还田的增产效应存在交互作用,早稻以连续淹水灌溉条件下稻草还田的增产效果最大,而晚稻则以间歇灌溉条件下的效果最佳。     

Compositional and functional features of humic acids from organic amendments and amended soils in Minnesota, USA

The use of organic amendments requires an adequate control of the chemical quality of their humic acid (HA)-like fractions and of the effects that these materials may have on the status, quality, chemistry and functions of native soil HAs. In this work, the compositional, functional and structural properties of the HA-like fractions isolated from a liquid swine manure (LSM), a municipal sewage sludge (SS), and two municipal solid waste composts (MSWCs) were evaluated in comparison to those of HAs isolated from three unamended soils and from the corresponding soils amended with LSW, SS, and MSWC at various rates in three field plot experiments conducted in Minnesota, USA. With respect to the unamended soil HAs, the HA-like fractions of the three amendments featured a greater aliphatic character, a marked presence of proteinaceous, S-containing and polysaccharides-like structures, an extended molecular heterogeneity, small organic free radical contents and a small degree of humification. The MSWC-HAs featured a larger degree of humification than LSM-HA and SS-HA. The three amendments affected in different ways and by various extents the compositional, structural and functional properties of soil HAs depending upon the nature, origin and application rate of the amendment. In general, the data obtained suggested that proteinaceous, S-containing and aliphatic structures contained in HA-like fractions of organic amendments were partially incorporated into native soil HAs.     

Maize grain production,plant nutrient concentration and soil chemical properties in response to different residue levels from two previous crops

ABSTRACT

The incorporation of previous crop residues in agricultural management benefits soil fertility, crop production, and environment. However, there is no enough information about maximum residue application level without negative effect over next crop yield. To evaluate maize (Zea mays L.) yield under short-time conservation management with incorporation and/or importation of different residue levels, a biannual rotation experiment was conducted in ash volcanic soil in south-central Chile. The experiment consisted of two previous crops, canola (Brassica napus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and four levels of residue incorporation (0%, 50%, 100%, and 200% of generated residue; from 0 to 21.4?Mg?ha^?1 for canola and from 0 to 19.0?Mg?ha^?1 for bean). Previous crop species and residue level affected some nutrients concentrations in grain and plant and some soil chemical properties, without effect in maize yield, which averaged 16.6?Mg?ha^?1. Bean residue increased Ca and reduced S in maize plant, increasing soil P, Ca, Mg and K (P?<?0.05). Maize grain Ca content was positively and proportionally affected by canola residue level and negatively and proportionally affected by bean residue level. All canola residue levels increased soil pH and Mg, but the highest level reduced soil S; soil P concentration increased proportionally with bean residue level. The highest bean residue level increased soil S. Different crop and levels of residue did not affect maize yield but did some plant nutrient concentration, and also affected some soil chemical properties.     

Straw incorporation and immobilization of spring-applied nitrogen

Abstract. The effect of rate and timing of autumn/winter straw incorporation on the immobilization of spring-applied N-fertilizer are studied. The immobilization of ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer by straw was determined in pot trials with a sandy loam soil (Wick series) collected from two field experiments. In experiment 1, straw was incorporated at four different rates in the autumn; experiment 2 had a fixed rate of straw (7.5 t/ha) incorporated at monthly intervals from September to March. Immobilization in spring was not enhanced when only stubble was incorporated in autumn. However, autumn incorporation of 7.5 t/ha straw resulted in a significant increase in the immobilization of spring-applied N, equivalent to 10 kg/ha; when 15 t/ha straw was incorporated, immobilization increased to 18 kg/ha. The enhancement of immobilization, immediately following fertilizer application, was dependent on the extent of straw decomposition prior to N application. Thus immobilization was related to cumulative thermal time (day °C above 0°C; Tsum between the date of straw incorporation and fertilizer application). Straw which had been incorporated for Tsum > 1200 no longer caused appreciable immobilization of spring fertilizer.     

Incorporation dynamics of dietary vegetable oil fatty acids into the triacylglycerols and phospholipids of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) tissues (fillet,liver, visceral fat and gonads)

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) previously reared on a commercial feed were fed three experimental diets with added 60 g kg⁻¹ of soybean (SO), linseed (LO) or fish oils (FO), for 6 weeks. The final bodyweight (week 6) of fish was significantly lower when feeding the vegetable oils. At 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, fillet, liver, visceral fat, testis and ovary triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) were analysed for their fatty acid (FA) composition. The simple FA dilution model has been successfully applied to describe the incorporation of numerous dietary FAs into both tissue TAGs and PLs. Fillet PL FAs reacted more sensitively on the FAs of the SO and LO diets, when compared to the TAGs. Alterations of the hepatic TAG and PL fractions were minor and less predictable. Testicular PLs have been found to preferentially accumulate n3 FAs, in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6 n3). In contrast, ovarian TAGs showed a predominant accretion of oleic acid by the FO diet. The increased dietary unsaturation index (SO, FO) was found to augment hepatic in vivo lipid peroxidation, as assessed by the tissue malondialdehyde concentrations.     

Impacts of Fertilization Alternatives and Crop Straw Incorporation on N2O Emissions from a Spring Maize Field in Northeastern China

Spring maize is one of the most popular crops planted in northeastem China. The cropping systems involving spring maize have been maintaining high production through intensive management practices. However, the high rates of nitrogen （N） fertilizers application could have introduced a great amount of nitrous oxide （N2O） into the atmosphere. It is crucial for sustaining the maize production systems to reduce N2O emissions meanwhile maintaining the optimum yields by adopting alternative farming management practices. The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of alternative fertilization and crop residue management practices on N2O emission as well as crop yield for a typical maize field in northeastern China. Field experiments were conducted during the 2010-2011 maize growing seasons （from early May to late September） in Liaoning Province, northeastern China. N2O fluxes were measured at the field plots with six different treatments including no N fertilizer use （CK）, farmers＇ conventional N fertilizer application rate （FP）, reduced N fertilizer rate （OPT）, reduced N fertilizer rate combined with crop straw amendment （OPTS）, slow-release N fertilizer （CRF）, and reduced N fertilizer rate combined with nitrification inhibitor （OPT＋DCD）. The static chamber method combined with gas chromatography technique was employed to conduct the measurements of N2O fluxes. The field data showed that N2O emissions varied across the treatments. During the maize growing season in 2010, the total N2O emissions under the treatments of CK, FP, OPT, OPTS, and CRF were 0.63, 1.11, 1.03, 1.26, and 0.98 kg N ha-1, respectively. The seasonal cumulative N2O emissions were 0.54, 1.07, 0.96, 1.12, and 0.84 kg N ha1, respectively, under CK, FP, OPT, OPTS, and OPT＋DCD in 2011. In comparison with FP, CRF or OPT＋DCD reduced the N2O emissions by 12 or 21%, respectively, while the crop yields remained unchanged. The results indicate that the reduction of N-fertilizer application rate in combination with the slow-release fertilizer type or nitrification inhibitor could effectively mitigate N2O emissions from the tested field. The incorporation of crop residue didn＇t show positive effect on mitigating N2O emissions from the tested cropping system. The field study can provide useful information for the on-going debate on alternative N fertilization strategies and crop straw management in China. However, further studies would be needed to explore the long-term impacts of the alternative management practices on a wide range of environmental services.     

稻草还田下添加DCD对稻田CH4、N2O和CO2排放的影响

为研究秸秆还田下硝化抑制剂的效应,本研究借助温室盆栽,设置5个处理:不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(CF)、传统施肥配施硝化抑制剂双氰胺DCD(CF+DCD)、传统施肥稻草还田(CF+S)、传统施肥稻草还田配施DCD(CF+S+DCD),探讨秸秆还田下施用DCD对水稻整个生育期土壤CH_4、N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。结果表明:整个生育期,CH_4和CO_2排放量以CF+S最高,CF+S+DCD次之,而CK最低;N_2O排放量以CF最高,CF+DCD次之,而CF+S+DCD最低。与CF和CF+S相比,施用硝化抑制剂后CH_4和N_2O减排效果显著,而CO_2减排不显著。就水稻产量、综合温室效应(GWP)、温室气体强度(GHGI)和净生态系统经济预算(NEEB)而言,秸秆还田和硝化抑制剂施用,都可显著提高水稻产量和NEEB,而降低GWP和GHGI;与CF和CF+S相比,施用硝化抑制剂后,CF+DCD和CF+S+DCD分别增产9.5%和10.0%,NEEB增加16.8%和20.1%;GWP分别降低23.7%和21.0%,GHGI降低23.7%和21.1%。可见,无论稻草还田与否,硝化抑制剂对温室气体排放及水稻产量的影响效应比较稳定。因此,稻草还田配施DCD(即CF+S+DCD处理)在保证水稻产量的基础上,显著降低稻田土壤CH_4和N_2O排放,是一种经济可行的温室气体减排措施。     

秸秆还田条件下剖面土壤溶解性有机碳含量及其组分结构的变化

为研究溶解性有机碳(DOC)在土壤剖面中的迁移分布,测定比较了秸秆还田(CT+)和秸秆不还田(CT-)条件下0～40 cm剖面土壤DOC含量及其组分的迁移分布。结果发现:DOC含量及其在土壤有机碳(SOC)中的占比量(DOC/SOC)、DOC组分中的胺类(CO-NH)和芳香族类(C=C、苯环)化合物含量、DOC的平均分子量均随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势,0～10 cm土层土壤与30～40 cm土层土壤之间差异显著,说明DOC在淋溶过程中的含量和组成成分均会发生变化,下层土壤较上层土壤DOC含量降低、DOC分子结构趋向简单化。秸秆还田和不还田土壤相比,0～40 cm土壤DOC含量、DOC/SOC、DOC组分中的胺类和芳香族类化合物含量均表现为增加,两个处理之间差异随着土层深度的增加而缩小;同时,秸秆还田增加了DOC的平均分子量,处理间差异随土层深度的增加而增加;表明秸秆还田对剖面土壤中DOC含量及其组分转移分布具有显著影响。