几种海水和淡水贝类的大宗营养成分比较研究

分别对3种淡水贝和3种海水贝的大宗营养成分进行了较为系统的研究。总体而言,这6种贝的水分含量相差不大,但粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量却相差明显。其中,波纹巴非蛤和长竹蛏属于高蛋白贝类,其蛋白占干物质的75%,而其脂肪和灰分含量中等,分别占8%和14%左右;近江牡蛎和河蚌属于多脂肪贝类,其脂肪含量在所测贝类中最高,约占干物质的14%,而蛋白和灰分则相对较少,分别为14%和6%;螺蛳和中华圆田螺属于高灰分贝类,其灰分含量高达27%,蛋白居中(60%),而脂肪最低(3%)。在蛋白质量方面,这几种贝类的氨基酸评分总体略低于全鸡蛋蛋白,但其赖氨酸评分优于全鸡蛋蛋白,在与粮谷类的搭配上具有更明显的蛋白质增效作用。在脂肪质量方面,海水贝的多不饱和脂肪酸特别是EPA和DHA明显比淡水贝高,如属于海水贝的长竹蛏、波纹巴非蛤、近江牡蛎的EPA和DHA的含量总和分别为14.19%、25.51%和34.29%,而属于淡水贝的中华圆田螺完全不含EPA或DHA,海水贝在脂肪营养方面明显优于淡水贝。在矿物质营养方面,淡水螺表现出非常明显的优势,有开发成补充多种矿物质之天然膳食补充剂的潜力。本研究对指导人们按各自的营养需求选择不同的贝类品种具有非常重要的意义。研究亮点:比较分析了3种海水贝和3种淡水贝之间的大宗营养成分,并按各种贝类的营养特点,将贝类初步分为3类,即以波纹巴非蛤和长竹蛏为代表的高蛋白贝类、以近江牡蛎和河蚌为代表的多脂肪贝类、以中华圆田螺和螺蛳为代表的高灰分贝类,这对引导人们按需选择贝类具有非常重要的意义,同时对于贝类的加工利用和开发各具特色高附加值贝类产品具有很好的指导作用。     

转基因抗虫棉对棉田土壤细菌数量及群落结构的影响

以转基因抗虫棉(GK12、33B)及其亲本对照(SM、5415)为材料,利用稀释平板法和基于rRNA基因PCR扩增的变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术研究了棉田土壤中细菌数量和群落结构在转基因棉种植第一年的动态变化.结果表明:棉田土壤细菌数量随棉花生育期逐渐增加,于花铃中期达到最大值,转基因棉与其亲本之间细菌数量差异不显著.放线菌数量随生育期变化较小,转基因棉与其亲本之间在花铃中期出现显著差异.DGGE结果显示,转基因棉和亲本都存在丰富且相似的条带,聚类分析表明大多数转基因棉和亲本间条带相似性达80％以上,根据不同的生理期分成2个簇;主成分分析表明转基因棉和亲本细菌群落结构没有显著差异,但在不同生育期存在一定差异,表明生育期是影响细菌群落结构的主要因素,与聚类分析结果相吻合.研究结果初步说明转基因棉对棉田土壤细菌数量和群落结构没有显著影响.     

白灵菇菌丝体与子实体有效成分分析比较

采用原子吸收、紫外扫描以及氨基酸分析等方法对白灵菇菌丝体和子实体的营养成分进行测定分析。结果表明：白灵菇菌丝体和子实体可溶性物质、可溶性蛋白、总糖、还原糖、氨基态氮含量相近;菌丝体与子实体紫外扫描峰形基本相似;氨基酸的组成一致,并且都含有人体必需的8种氨基酸,且菌丝体中的氨基酸含量明显高于子实体。     

大豆苗间除草松土机的设计

针对我国北方旱作农业地区使用的大豆中耕除草机,作业时针齿盘经常发生夹带土块、石块、土壤掩埋作物株苗以及锄草齿缠绕秸秆和杂草等现象,存在锄草质量差、伤苗率高和作业效率低等问题,设计开发了大豆苗间除草松土机.该机采用单体仿形旋转锄组件,可一次完成行间除草松土和苗行间苗除草松土等作业.田间试验结果表明:在平播、垄播、大垄或小垄状态下,可按需要随时调整行距,对大豆、芸豆、土豆和玉米等中耕作物进行间苗除草松土与苗前灭草,作业质量符合农艺要求,机具结构设计合理,为我国北方旱作农业地区中耕作物田间管理提供了技术支持.     

Contributions of short- and long-shoots to yield of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

The canopy of a mature ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) tree is composed of two types of shoots: short-shoots composed entirely of preformed nodes, and long-shoots composed of both preformed and neoformed nodes. Since the production of these two types of shoots is known to be related to rootstock and rootstock influences yield of pistachio the relationship of these two types of shoots to yield was investigated during two cropping years. Individual short-shoots produced significantly less yield and had fewer fruit clusters per shoot compared with long-shoots, but collectively produced 55–60% of the total yield. Long-shoots positively affected yield components in one year, but had no effect in the other year. Whether the differences in the one year were due to canopy position and light interception or differences in the carbohydrate allocation within the two types of shoots could not be determined from the current data. Long-shoots initiated more inflorescence buds, although inflorescence bud formation was restricted to the preformed growth and only the 3–4 earliest neoformed nodes. However, when expressed as a percentage, long-shoots retained a lower percentage of initiated inflorescence buds, compared with short-shoots. Regardless of shoot type, less than half of the retained inflorescence buds produced mature fruit clusters. Thus, inflorescence bud retention, a previously hypothesized mechanism of pistachio alternate bearing, may not be the primary limiting factor to yield in pistachio.     

青海省德令哈地区主要农作物籽实及秸秆草粉营养成分的测定与分析

对青海省高寒地区德令哈的主要农作物籽实大麦、青稞、小麦、豌豆、大豆、玉米、豆渣、苜蓿、油菜、小麦、豌豆等秸秆草粉的营养成分进行了测定与分析。为科学饲养牲畜、发展青海省海西州畜牧业、开辟当地饲料资源提供了依据。     

Biochemical markers of bone turnover in the dairy cow during lactation and the dry period

We measured a bone-formation marker recognizing osteocalcin, and a bone-resorption marker recognizing C-telopeptide (CT(x)) fragments of collagen type I, in a longitudinal study. The levels of these markers in the plasma of dairy cows (n=11) were recorded over a 12 month postpartum period, including a full lactation and a dry period. The plasma concentration of CT(x) was highest in the first week after parturition. It then declined slowly over the next 33 weeks and remained low until the next parturition. Osteocalcin concentration was lowest around parturition, reached a plateau during mid-lactation, then fell again towards term. There were large variations in bone metabolism during a lactation, that were not directly related to milk production. These results may be used to facilitate appropriate adjustments to calcium and phosphorous concentrations in the diet, reflecting the specific needs of each stage of the reproductive cycle.     

中国野生葡萄酒风味成分分析

中国野生葡萄酒的香气成分由醇、酯、醛、酮等构成。其中,大复叶葡萄酒的香气成分种类最多,达79种,北醇酒的种类最少,仅44种;各野生种间香气成分的含量差异很大:含量最高的秋葡萄酒(11439.81)为最低毛葡萄(白)酒(3410.19)的3倍多;野生种葡萄酒的总酸、干浸出物、单宁、总酚、花色素苷等滋味物质均高于相应栽培品种。野生种葡萄酒普遍具有青草、烟熏、肥皂、焦糖及酸涩等香味特征。根据香味成分将供试的野生种(或品种)分成了3种类型。     

新疆阿瓦提灌区土壤盐渍化现状及特征分析

运用统计特征值、对应分析等方法，探讨了研究新疆阿瓦提土壤含盐量、盐分化学组成及其空间分布特征。结果发现：区内有50％的土地处于中强盐渍化和盐土状态，且主要为氯化物-硫酸盐型盐渍化；在灌区内土壤盐分随灌溉和排水而呈现季节性变化，但整体上处于脱盐状态。区内土壤盐渍化是在自然和人类活动共同作用下形成的，通过节水灌溉、合理开发地下水、完善灌排系统等措施可有效地改良盐渍土。     

Palm oil: Biochemical,physiological, nutritional,hematological and toxicological aspects: A review

The link between dietary fats and cardiovascular diseases has necessitateda growing research interest in palm oil, the second largest consumedvegetable oil in the world. Palm oil, obtained from a tropical plant, Elaeis guineensis contains 50% saturated fatty acids, yet it does notpromote atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis. The saturated fatty acidto unsaturated fatty acid ratio of palm oil is close to unity and it containsa high amount of the antioxidants, -carotene, and vitamin E. Although palm oil-based diets induce a higher blood cholesterol level thando corn, soybean, safflower seed, and sunflower oils, the consumption ofpalm oil causes the endogenous cholesterol level to drop. Thisphenomenon seems to arise from the presence of the tocotrienols and thepeculiar isomeric position of its fatty acids.The benefits of palm oil to health include reduction in risk of arterialthrombosis and atherosclerosis, inhibition of endogenous cholesterolbiosynthesis, platelet aggregation, and reduction in blood pressure. Palm oilhas been used in the fresh state and/or at various levels of oxidation.Oxidation is a result of processing the oil for various culinary purposes.However, a considerable amount of the commonly used palm oil is in theoxidized state, which poses potential dangers to the biochemical andphysiological functions of the body. Unlike fresh palm oil, oxidized palm oilinduces an adverse lipid profile, reproductive toxicity and toxicity of thekidney, lung, liver, and heart. This may be as a result of the generation oftoxicants brought on by oxidation. In contrast to oxidized palm oil, red orrefined palm oil at moderate levels in the diet of experimental animalspromotes efficient utilization of nutrients, favorable body weight gains,induction of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, adequatehemoglobinization of red cells and improvement of immune function. However, high palm oil levels in the diet induce toxicity to the liver asshown by loss of cellular radial architecture and cell size reductions whichare corroborated by alanine transaminase to aspartate transaminase ratioswhich are higher than unity.The consumption of moderate amounts of palm oil and reduction in thelevel of oxidation may reduce the health risk believed to be associated withthe consumption of palm oil. Red palm oil, by virtue of its-carotene content, may protect against vitamin A deficiency andcertain forms of cancer.