玛纳斯河流域绿洲农田土壤盐分反演及空间分布特征

土壤盐分的准确监测是干旱、半干旱地区农业可持续发展的前提,气候变化、不合理灌溉等因素使土壤盐渍化问题逐渐显现。文中以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例,采用多光谱遥感影像和野外实测土壤盐分数据相结合的方法,选取对土壤盐渍化影响较大的归一化差异水体指数及其它具有代表性的多光谱遥感指数与土壤盐分构建反演模型,探讨研究区内土壤盐渍化的空间分布特征。结果表明:与土壤盐分相关性最高且具有代表性的多光谱遥感指数是NDWI、NDVI和DVI,相关系数分别为0.841、-0.787、-0.768,达到极显著水平(P<0.01),均可以用于构建土壤盐分反演模型。最优光谱参数与土壤盐分构建的模型建模精度均在80%以上,达到极显著水平,可以较为准确的预测出研究区内盐渍化状况。在玛纳斯河流域绿洲区土壤盐渍化以中度、重度盐渍化为主,其中石河子灌区盐渍化程度最为严重,莫索湾灌区盐渍化程度较轻,与实地调查结果一致。基于多光谱影像提取的土壤归一化差异水体指数作为构建土壤盐分反演模型的基础,可以获得较好的土壤盐分空间分布。土壤盐渍化遥感反演为新疆玛纳斯河流域土壤盐渍化治理和土地资源可持续利用提供理论依据。     

克里雅绿洲土壤盐分分异特征分析

土壤盐渍化是目前世界农业面临的主要环境问题之一。克里雅绿洲土壤盐渍化日趋严重,直接影响当地农业发展和生态环境建设。借助统计软件,运用统计特征值等方法,探讨了克里雅绿洲土壤含盐量、盐分化学组成及其不同时期的变化情况。结果发现:盐渍地土壤的含盐量普遍高于农田土壤;盐渍地土壤平均pH为9.965,呈强碱性;农田土壤平均pH为8.340,呈碱性。盐渍地土壤盐分组成主要为CI-,CO23-和K++Na+为主;农田土壤盐分组成主要为Ca2+,Mg2+,SO42-和K++Na+。相对于盐渍地而言,农田土壤中CI-,CO32-含量明显降低,其次为K++Na+;Ca2+和Mg2+含量明显增加。盐渍地土壤总含盐量从7月到9月一直处于累积状态;农田土壤总含盐量却处于不同的状态。0cm,40cm,60cm等土层中的总含盐量处于脱盐状态;而20cm,80cm,100cm等土层中的总含盐量处于积盐状态。从7月到9月,不同土壤层次中的各盐离子也处于不同的状态。     

河套灌区西部土壤盐渍化分异特征及其主控因素

由于长期引黄灌溉,河套灌区土壤广泛次生盐渍化,严重影响了区域经济和生态良性发展。通过对河套灌区西部临河区土壤盐渍化现状进行系统调查分析,查明了研究区内土壤盐渍化程度、类型及其分布特征,讨论了区域土壤盐渍化的主要影响因素和成因。结果表明：（1）研究区内50%以上的土壤发生了不同程度次生盐渍化,呈斑块状分布,北部及东南部土壤盐渍化较严重,尤其是总干渠和黄济渠两侧的洼地;土壤主要盐分类型为SO₄-Na和SO₄·Cl-Na型。（2）研究区浅层地下水的总溶解固体（TDS）含量平均值为2.13 g·L^-1,属于微咸水,平均水位埋深为4.65 m,65%的调查点埋深小于3 m。（3）长期地表漫灌和冬季压盐引起的地下水位抬升和强烈的蒸发浓缩作用是形成高TDS地下水的直接原因,而较高的地下水盐度、浅层地下水位抬升和强烈的潜水蒸发引起的盐分上升是冲积平原土壤盐渍化的主要控制因素。     

西天山伊犁河灌区土壤盐分时空变异特征

根据2009年伊犁河灌区土壤临测和取样分析资料,运用半方差函数与克里格插值法,对伊犁河灌区灌溉期与非灌溉期土壤盐分含量变异特征进行了分析.结果表明:研究区耕层土壤53.68%样地呈非盐渍化土壤,18.38%为轻度盐渍化,13.97%为中度盐渍化,8.82%为重度盐渍化,5.15%为盐士.土壤盐渍化类型主要为硫酸盐渍土为...     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地灌溉条件下土壤盐渍度变化研究

本文研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自然和灌溉条件下土壤盐渍化状况及变化规律 ,并对不同灌溉方式下土壤的盐分动态、变化规律和盐渍度的调控进行了研究 ,提出在塔里木沙漠地区控制盐害的较好方式是充分灌溉和延长灌溉周期。     

焉耆盆地土壤盐渍化状况的主成分分析

利用主成分分析法分析了焉耆盆地内荒地和耕地的土壤盐分特征,结果表明,荒地内土壤盐分表聚强烈,基本无自然淋洗过程;而耕地内土壤盐分存在多次积盐和脱盐过程,培面中盐分分布比较均匀。第一主成分综合反映了区内土壤盐渍化程度,第二和第三主成分联合反映了土壤的碱性特征。     

吐鲁番市非灌溉期农田土壤盐分特征分析

对吐鲁番市的大河沿河、塔尔朗河、煤窑沟和黑沟上、中、下游灌区进行土样采集,测定吐鲁番市沿四条河流在非灌溉期内(3月、10月)土壤含盐量及主要离子含量,并分析土壤盐渍化类型、程度及土壤盐分与主要离子之间的相关关系。结果表明:研究区土壤有部分出现盐渍化趋势,且土壤次生盐渍化趋势较高;吐鲁番市土壤含盐量高低与各离子(即CL-、CO3-、HCO3-、SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)含量大小有密切的关系;土壤盐分剖面分布具有表聚型;四条河流灌溉区土壤盐渍化类型的主要成分为硫酸盐渍土。     

喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征分析

土壤盐渍化是喀什葛尔河流域农业发展面临的主要问题之一。采用相关分析法与主成分分析法分析了喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征。结果表明:土壤盐渍化类型以硫酸盐渍土为主,盐渍化程度为重度及中度盐渍化;土壤总盐与SO24-、K+、Na+呈显著正相关,揭示了土壤盐分大小与SO24-、K+、Na+有关;表层的总盐、各盐分离子含量均高于其余土层,即土壤盐分垂直分布呈现表聚性;盐分离子按质量分数大小在土壤剖面基本上呈自上而下的垂直分异特点;盐分组成中,阳离子以K+和Na+为主,阴离子以SO42-为主;8月份表层、0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～80cm、80～100cm总含盐量均高于2月份。主成分分析结果表明,SO24-、K+、Na+作为研究区土壤盐渍化状况的特征因子。     

甘肃秦王川灌区土壤盐分特征及次生盐渍化预测

在秦王川灌区水文地质条件和土壤盐分含量特征调查研究的基础上,采用有限差分法建立了预测模型,对灌溉实施后1～5年间地下水位及其埋深变化进行了预测。结果表明,地下水位呈普遍抬升趋势,可导致约2000ha土地产生次生盐渍化。如果不及时采取防治措施,土壤次生盐渍化面积还会进一步扩大。     

不同灌溉方式下棉田土壤盐分变化分析——以玛纳斯河中游典型灌区为例

采用田间取样、土样实验室分析以及统计分析等方法,对新疆玛纳斯河中游灌区漫灌、滴灌2种灌溉方式下棉田土壤含盐量在棉花全生长季的变化进行定量分析。结果表明:从土层角度分析,漫灌棉田0-100cm整个剖面土层以及各土层土壤平均盐分值低于滴灌棉田;漫灌棉花生长期内土壤盐分主要集中在40-60cm土层,而滴灌棉田土壤盐分主要集中在20-40cm土层;滴灌棉花生长期内各土层土壤盐分分布较漫灌棉田土壤盐分更均匀。从时间角度分析,漫灌棉田0-100cm整个剖面土层以及各土层盐分峰值出现的时间早于滴灌棉田;漫灌棉花生长期内各土层盐分峰值出现在5月或6月份,而滴灌棉田各土层盐分峰值出现在6月或7月份,6月或7月是漫灌、滴灌棉田垂直土层盐分分布比较均匀的时间。研究结论对减缓土壤盐渍化、指导灌溉施肥管理以及改善可持续土地利用的可能措施均有积极意义。     

Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang,China

Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0-200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.     

渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲灌区水盐均衡特征分析

依据实地考察实测资料,分析渭干河-库车河灌区的水量平衡、盐量平衡、引水和排水矿化度的变化特征、排盐效率及排水的主要盐分离子.结果显示: (1) 受灌区上游大型水库的调蓄作用,灌区引入地表水的年际变化不大,年内引水出现双峰,排灌比例在8.79%～18.65%,引水利用量为22.53～30.05亿m~3,主要用于农业灌溉用水,农田园林耗水量占总耗水量的75.26%. (2) 随着灌排系统的完善,渭干河-库车河灌区整体处于脱盐过程,年均脱盐量为86.64万t,灌区非盐化土地面积扩大,盐渍化土地面积缩小,灌区内耕地的土壤含盐量减少.(3) 由于大型水库的调蓄作用,灌区引入地表水的矿化度年变幅也较小,1993～1996年平均为0.38 g/L,1997～2001年平均为0.42 g/L,在年内洪水期水量大,矿化度相应偏小.年均排盐量为99.77～275.40万t,排水量和排盐量总体变化趋势相一致,呈略微上升趋势.排水盐分离子中,阴离子主要以Cl~-为主,其次是SO_4~(2-);阳离子主要以Na~+为主,Mg~(2+)出现的机会较小.保持灌区水盐持续均衡所需达到的水量排引比为0.09:1.     

渭干河灌区水盐动态变化及其耦合分析

渭干河是新疆著名大河之一,是渭干河绿洲的塑造者,该绿洲的生存和发展与灌区水资源利用关系密切。渭干河灌区环境恶化主要是在自然及人为因素共同作用下形成的。灌区分布于独立而封闭的冲积扇上,原生土壤普遍含盐,加之长期以来重灌轻排,土壤次生盐渍化严重。本文根据渭干河灌区多年水盐监测资料,探讨灌区多年来的水盐动态变化及其耦合关系。研究表明:灌区盐分来源主要为引水携盐,灌区排水是灌区盐分去处的主要途径;灌区地下水埋深,地下水水质存在时间和空间上的变化,地下水状况决定水化学类型。     

微咸水膜下滴灌棉田春灌压盐效果的初步分析

在塔里木盆地平原灌区,微咸水灌溉意义重大。而微咸水灌溉的最大问题是土壤积盐,经过1 a的微咸水灌溉后,来年播种前是否需要冬灌或春灌压盐是人们关注的焦点。通过对比尉犁县3个微咸水膜下滴灌棉田监测区（S1,S2,S3）,2010年春灌前0~60 cm土壤易溶盐含量和棉籽发芽期、苗蕾期、花铃期与吐絮期棉花生长的耐盐指标（分别为7.1 g/kg,6.9 g/kg,8.2 g/kg和9.2 g/kg）,得出了S1和S2隔年压盐一般能满足棉花发芽及生长的要求,而S3监测区仍需要春灌压盐的结论。计算得出3个监测区的春灌前后土壤脱盐率分别为11.9%~84.2%,20.7%~71.1%和32.9%~78.8%,表明3个监测区的春灌压盐效果均很明显。     

层状土壤水盐动态研究与分析

针对我国西北地区土壤剖面多呈层状结构和土壤的盐渍化面积逐年增加的实际情况,概述了国内外入渗和蒸发条件下非均质层状土壤水盐运移的研究动态,总结了其主要研究成果,明晰了成果之间的相互关系及其实际应用价值,探讨了研究中目前存在的主要问题,为灌溉和排水等措施的拟定以及进一步的研究提供参考信息。     

地下水浅埋区盐碱地滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移研究

综述了国内外地下水浅埋条件下土壤盐分运移机理研究,滴灌条件下盐碱地土壤盐分运移机理研究,土壤盐分运移模型研究的相关研究成果,为滴灌技术在改造和利用地下水浅埋盐碱土地资源的应用提供了思路,为预报土壤盐碱化提供科学依据,并为地下水浅埋盐碱土滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移规律的进一步研究提出一些建议,认为地下水浅埋区盐碱地滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移规律的研究仍是今后土壤科学的研究重点.     

节水控盐滴灌对土壤盐分、红枣光合及产量的影响

对灌溉定额为1 750、1 970、2 190、2 380m3/hm2的矮化密植红枣滴灌试验研究表明:红枣果实膨大中后期土壤积盐明显,且主要集中在0～30 cm范围内,1 750m3/hm2灌溉定额在红枣生育期使土壤积盐,2 380m3/hm2灌溉定额洗盐效果明显;红枣生育期需水有两个峰值阶段,第一峰值阶段为初果期,第...     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

The Impact of Long-Term Irrigation on Changes of Ground Water Level and Soil Salinity in Northern Tunisia

The irrigated area of Kalaat Landelous in northern Tunisia is an example of the successful reclamation of 3000 ha of soils affected by shallow ground water levels and salinization. Examination of soil conditions at three key periods during reclamation reveals the reasons for this success. Aspects of irrigation management define these periods, during which measurements were taken of the depth and salinity of ground water over 43 years. An overall salt balance for the irrigated areas was made in order to estimate the risk of salinization. The results reveal a lowering of the ground water level (average depth was 1 m and will be 1.6 m), desalinization of the soils (average electrolytic conductivity of the soil was 0.8 Sm -1 and will be 0.55 m -1 ), and dilution of the salt content of the ground water (average electrolytic conductivity of ground water was 3 Sm -1 and will be 1.4 Sm -1 ). A reduction in the variability of saline conditions was also observed. The salt balance shows a large amount of salt exported from the area, between 22,000 and 66,000 Mg, and only small areas of new salinization have appeared as a result of irrigation. Ultimately, the sustainability of the project depends upon the performance of the drainage network and on the abundance of the rainfall. If drainage is efficient, soil salinity will be maintained below wheat, corn, tomato, pepper, and alfalfa tolerance limits.     

高矿化度水灌溉后沙地水盐特点初报

本研究利用塔中腹地打出高帮化度地下水在塔中腹进行灌溉种植试验，分别研究了灌溉后沙地的渗透特性，沙地含水量变化，以及沙地盐分的变化和积累，为在沙漠地区合理利用高矿化度水进行植物种植提供理论依据和合理的灌溉指标。