Experimental Analysis of Vibration Behavior for Large-span Underground Structure

In this paper, a shaking table test for large-span underground structure is introduced. Based on the test, the frequency of inherent vibration, damping ratio and the dynamic response of the structure are studied. The response of the underground structure for vertical seismic excitation is studied as a key point. With the different imbedding depth, the influence of interaction of soil and structure on the earthquake-resistant capacity of the underground structure is discussed.     

Frequencies of Vertical Resistances and Virulences in the Rye-Powdery Mildew Pathosystem*

Nine populations of rye (Secale cereale L.; the cultivars ‘Kustro’, ‘Danko’ and ‘Carokurz’. a breeding population PA 14/75 and five Iranian primitive ryes) were tested with three or two pathotypes of powder)’ mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. secalis Marchal) to determine the frequencies of vertical resistances. Similarly, three populations of powder)’ mildew isolated from the above eultivars were tested with two rye pathodemes to estimate the frequencies of vertical virulences. Tests were carried out on leaf segments cultivated in vitro. To explain the pattern of the host-parasite interaction, a model with at least four resistance and virulence genes was required. In the rye populations the genotypes of most plants could be determined unambiguously whereas in the powdery mildew populations no unique classification of one-postule isolates was possible due to the limited number of rye differentials. Both the host and the pathogen populations were polymorphic for resistance and virulence, respectively. In all lye populations except PA 14/75 the resistance frequencies were low. In the mildew populations the virulence frequencies were high and complex races occurred rather frequently. The virulence frequencies were related to the resistance frequencies of the respective host population. Results were compared with mathematical host-parasite models accounting for gene-for-gene interaction and balancing natural selection. Observations agree well with theory.     

Race-specific effects in major genic and polygenic resistance of barley to barley leaf rust in the field: identification and distinction

Summary Six partially resistant spring barley cultivars were exposed to four barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) races in the field and in the greenhouse. The 24 cultivar-race combinations were tested in field plots of 1.5×1.5 m² in two replications over two years. To reduce the interplot exchange of urediospores each plot was surrounded by winter rye.The level of barley leaf rust varied among cultivars, races and years. In both years the variance for cultivar-race interactions was highly significant and originating largely from the cultivar-race combinations Berac-22. Armelle-22, Armelle-A and Tyra-A. The Berac-22 interaction was towards higher, the other three interactions towards a lower level of barley leaf rust. The reduced rust levels of these three combinations were not due to interactions between the partial resistance of these cultivars and the aggressiveness of the races but to major genes for hypersensitivity not effective to the races 1-2-1 and F, common in Western Europe, but effective against the rare races 22 and A. This was revealed in the greenhouse experiments where all combinations had a susceptible infection type except Armelle-22, Armelle-A and Tyra-A, which showed low infection types in both the seedling and adult plant stages. The urediosori present in the field plots of these three combinations apparently arose from spores derived from other plots; this interplot interchange suggesting partial resistance.The interaction of Berac with race 22 truly was a small race-specific effect within the polygenic, partial resistance of barley to barley leaf rust like the one reported before between Julia and race 18.     

立筒仓氮气储粮技术应用试验

立筒仓储粮具有机械化程度高、容量大、占地少的优势,但也存在粮堆高取样难、熏蒸防治操作不便的不足。本文探讨了立筒仓氮气气调的应用:包括气密性改造、气调工艺以及储粮稳定性。试验结果表明应用效果较好,减小了保管员的劳动强度,达到了绿色储粮的目标。     

内蒙古西部黄土丘陵区土壤水分动态初探

通过对内蒙古西部黄土丘陵区土壤水分的初步研究,表明:该区土壤水分的垂直动态分布分为三个不同层次,即:水分不稳定层(0～40cm);中间过渡层(40～100cm);水分相对稳定层(100～200cm);旱作土壤水分的动态变化与降雨的变化基本一致;作物对土壤水分的消耗主要是当年降雨。     

山区小流域自然资源垂直分异特征及其治理模式研究—以开县石碗溪流域为例

以开县石碗溪流域为例,论述了山区小流域自然资源的垂直分异特性,并在垂直分异的基础上,对该流域进行了综合分区,同时,结合成都山地灾害研究所在该地实施的生态项目,提出了垂直分异综合分区治理模式。     

Deforestation and extant distributions of Mexican endemic mammals

Deforestation threatens biodiversity conservation worldwide, but little quantitative information is available on how it affects individual species’ distributions. We modeled potential distributions of 85 continental endemic Mexican mammal species using ecological niche modeling, and produced testable predictions of species’ extant distributions by limiting ecological niches to remnant untransformed habitat based on the Inventario Nacional Forestal 2000. We included point occurrence data for all endemics only from collecting localities prior to 1970, before wide areas of habitat transformation occurred nationwide. Most endemics (61 of 85, 72%) showed a high proportion of transformed habitat (34.5%) at the national level. More than one-fourth of the endemics (23 out of 85, 27%) lost more than 50% of untransformed habitat within their potential distributions; two showed drastic areal loss of more than 90%; another two showed a loss of more than 80%. Only 34 of the endemics are listed as endangered or threatened in the Mexican Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM). No significant association existed between proportional loss and conservation status as assigned in the NOM, nor are correlations significant between original distributional area and area of remnant untransformed habitat. Both findings suggest that geographic location determines extinction risks rather than area per se. Endemics in the state of Veracruz and in the Transvolcanic Belt suffered the most drastic niche reductions and thus appear to be at high extinction risk from further deforestation.     

基于夏玉米冠层内辐射分布的不同层叶面积指数模拟

为了模拟夏玉米冠层内各层叶面积指数垂直分布,光合有效辐射（photosynthetically active radiation, PAR）是研究作物群体光合作用和长势的重要特征参数,阐明冠层内PAR的垂直分布规律与冠层结构等参数之间的相关关系,可为遥感定量反演冠层结构参数提供模型基础。该文基于PAR在冠层内的辐射传输规律结合冠层结构模拟不同太阳高度角的PAR透过率垂直分布模型,并用地面冠层分析仪测量值进行验证,结果表明模型对封垄前玉米抽雄期冠层内PAR透过率垂直分布模拟精度较高。通过不同太阳高度角PAR透过率的垂直分布模型结合消光系数运用不同算法分别反演层叶面积指数（leaf area index, LAI）,并与不同高度层LAI实测值进行比较。结果显示：Bonhomme& Chartier算法反演不同高度层LAI精度较高,上层均方根误差（root mean square error,RMSE）为0.18,中层RMSE为0.55,下层RMSE为0.09。不同太阳高度角反演结果存在差异,30°和45°高度角均能较好地反演下层LAI,RMSE分别为0.11与0.09;30°高度角反演中层LAI精度较高,RMSE为0.30;45°高度角反演上层LAI精度较高,RMSE为0.18。结果表明基于不同太阳高度角构建的层LAI反演模型更适于实现夏玉米不同高度层LAI的遥感估算。该研究可为模拟垄行结构冠层内LAI垂直分布提供参考。     

新疆头屯河流域不良地质现象分布特征及成因分析

 根据实地考察和观测资料,对新疆头屯河流域不良地质现象分布特征进行分析。结果表明:头屯河流域不良地质现象主要发生在流域中游地带,出现时间的分布受降雨条件控制,集中出现在降雨期。不良地质现象受自然环境多因素的影响和制约,是地质、地貌、地表物质组成、地震活动、水文气象、植被条件以及人类活动等诸因素作用的结果。流域不良地质现象的发育,为流域河道来沙提供了大量的物质基础,根据流域自然环境和不良地质现象的活动分布状况,从生物、工程和社会3方面提出了防治措施。     

渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征及抗旱性研究

采用土钻法和盆栽试验研究了渭北地区主要造林树种的垂直根系分布特征及其抗旱性。结果表明立地条件对刺槐根系分布特征有明显的影响 ,林地土壤水分状况的差异是造成这种影响的关键所在 ;土壤种类、结构等对刺槐根系的分布特征也有很大的影响 ;不同树种在根系垂直分布特征方面存在着很大的差异 ,其中刺槐的根系分布最深 ;在一定的土壤干旱范围内 ,苗木可以通过提高根系活力来适应逆境 ,当土壤干旱超过一定的阈值后 ,树木根系将逐步丧失其活力和功能 ,最终导致地上部分的枯死 ;在供试的 4个树种中 ,山杏根系的抗旱性最强 ,其次是侧柏、刺槐和油松。苗木根系活力除了受土壤干旱协迫程度的影响之外 ,还受到干旱持续时间的影响。当土壤含水量降至 4 0 %的田间持水量时 ,土壤干旱已经对油松的生长构成了威胁 ,但对山杏、侧柏及刺槐的影响不大