添加物对木耳液体菌种老化的影响

以黑木耳品种‘黑威15’为试验材料,研究营养物质对木耳液体菌种生长及老化的影响,筛选抗老化及易老化培养基,研究其抗氧化酶活性、底物降解酶活性、抗氧化物质及膜质过氧化程度变化规律。结果表明,①与对照组相比,添加磷酸二氢钾及VB1可延缓菌丝老化,且促进菌丝生长。添加硫酸镁对菌丝老化有缓解作用,但抑制菌丝生长。添加过量氮源可促进菌丝生长且加速菌丝老化。②与对照及易老化培养基相比,抗老化培养基中菌丝总蛋白含量、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、淀粉酶活性显著提高。表明活性氧自由基清除系统相关酶活性的提高对延缓菌丝老化具有重要作用。③SOD活性随菌龄增加而逐渐减小,与菌龄呈显著负相关。在抗老化培养基中,丙二醛含量随菌龄增加而降低,两者间呈显著负相关。在对照及易老化培养基中,MDA含量随菌龄增加呈上升趋势,两者间呈显著正相关。研究对分析木耳菌丝老化机制及解决液体菌种老化问题具有理论价值。     

丙酮溶物对天然橡胶臭氧老化性能影响

天然橡胶中的非胶物质种类和含量影响橡胶的质量和应用性能。本文通过硫化性能、交联密度、耐臭氧老化 性能测试和热重分析研究丙酮溶物含量对天然橡胶臭氧老化性能的影响。结果表明，丙酮溶物可以改善天然橡胶的硫 化性能，提高其交联密度。随着丙酮溶物添加量的增加，天然橡胶的热稳定性、臭氧裂纹显现时间、拉伸强度保持率 逐渐提高并达到最大值。采用衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱分析仪（ATR-FTIR）分析了天然橡胶臭氧老化前后分子结构 变化，可知橡胶在臭氧老化后出现了氧化官能团。     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻干物质积累与分配的影响

【目的】研究臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻物质生产与分配的影响,为耐性水稻品种的选育提供参考。【方法】利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置室内对照(臭氧浓度为10 nL/L)和臭氧浓度增高臭氧浓度为(100 nL/L)处理,研究臭氧胁迫对水稻成熟期地上部物质积累与分配的影响及其与最终生长量响应的关系。采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,将所有供试材料按地上部最终生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A、B和C三类不同敏感型水稻。【结果】与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使A、B和C类水稻成熟期地上部干质量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,B和C类达极显著水平。臭氧胁迫使A类水稻成熟期叶片干质量略增,但使B类(–11%)、C类水稻(–25%)极显著下降。臭氧胁迫下A、B和C类水稻的茎秆和稻穗干质量均显著或极显著下降,其中茎秆干质量分别下降26%、41%和57%,稻穗干质量分别下降34%、59%和62%。臭氧胁迫使叶片占地上部干质量的比例大幅增加(+46%),而茎秆(–8%)和稻穗(–24%)占地上部干质量的比例极显著下降。臭氧处理与水稻类型对上述参数均有不同程度的交互作用,表现为A类水稻对臭氧的响应明显小于其他两类水稻。【结论】100 nL/L臭氧浓度严重影响水稻器官建成,减少光合产物向茎秆和稻穗的分配比例,但使叶片干质量比例大幅增加,臭氧熏蒸还导致茎秆机械强度明显下降。这些变化敏感水稻总体上较钝感类型水稻表现更为明显。     

一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂对宰后成熟过程中牦牛肉品质的影响

【目的】研究一氧化氮对宰后牦牛肉品质的影响,为牦牛肉品质改善提供理论依据。【方法】以3—5岁去势甘南牦牛肉为材料,取其背最长肌,剔除筋膜、脂肪等,切成大小均匀的薄片（8 cm×8 cm）,用20 G针均匀穿刺,分别采用去离子水（对照组）和1、10、100 mmol·L ^-1一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）抑制剂（N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯盐酸盐）在4℃条件下1﹕1（V/m）浸泡肉样1 d,然后在4℃条件下成熟,测定成熟期间（0、1、3、5和7 d）NOS活性与一氧化氮含量、肌原纤维小片化指数（MFI）、总巯基含量、羰基含量、pH、色度等指标。【结果】NOS抑制剂处理后的牦牛背最长肌NOS活性和一氧化氮含量显著降低,成熟第7天时,处理组的NOS活性分别比对照组低30.9%、43.6%、74.7%,一氧化氮含量分别比对照组低4.7%、12.5%、21.5%。处理后的牦牛肉pH显著降低,第7天时,处理组分别比对照组低0.8%、5.7%、15.2%,其中10和100 mmol·L ^-1 NOS抑制剂处理组显著低于对照组。处理显著降低了牦牛肉羰基含量,成熟第7天时,处理组分别比对照组低4.1%、19.0%、22.2%。此外,处理组MFI显著上升,成熟第7天时,处理组分别比对照组低31.1%、23.3%、9.6%。处理组牦牛肉总巯基含量显著上升,第7天时,对照组比NOS抑制剂处理组分别低3.2%、3.7%、2.7%。成熟过程中,NOS抑制剂处理使肉色a ^*值显著降低,肉色L ^*值显著升高,第7天时,处理组的肉色a ^*值分别比对照组低7.1%、40.2%、30.7%,肉色L ^*值分别比对照组高1.1%、2.0%、1.1%。【结论】一氧化氮促进宰后牦牛肉蛋白质氧化,抑制牦牛肉嫩化,使肉色L ^*值降低,a ^*值升高,对宰后牦牛肉的品质产生负面影响,而NOS抑制剂能降低肌肉中NOS活性。     

Kaempferol alleviates the reduction of developmental competence during aging of porcine oocytes

Kaempferol (KAE) is a natural flavonoid present in different plant species and exhibits anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer therapeutic properties. In the present study, we investigated the influence and underlying mechanisms of KAE supplementation on porcine oocytes during in vitro aging. The results show that KAE treatment can alleviate the aging‐related reduction of developmental competence. We observed that the blastocyst production rate in aged oocytes treated with 0.1 μM KAE was significantly higher than in untreated aging oocytes (36.78 ± 0.86% vs. 27.55 ± 2.60%, respectively, p < .05). The KAE‐treated aging oocytes had significantly reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (p < .05). Furthermore, the mRNA levels of the embryonic pluripotency‐related genes Oct4, NANOG, and ITGA5 were significantly increased in blastocysts derived from KAE‐treated oocytes (p < .05). During excessive oocyte culture, KAE treatment maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced apoptosis; however, this was not observed in untreated aging oocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that KAE treatment can alleviate the aging of porcine oocytes by reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function.     

外源褪黑素对臭氧胁迫下‘赤霞珠’葡萄叶片光合作用的影响

以盆栽‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试验材料,浇施浓度为100 nmol·L~(-1)的外源褪黑素(melatonin)后,在110 n L·L~(-1)臭氧浓度胁迫下,测定葡萄叶片气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线,并结合叶绿素荧光淬灭分析葡萄叶片光合性能的变化。结果表明:浇施褪黑素提高了臭氧胁迫下叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素的含量以及叶绿素a/b的比值,提高了叶片净光合速率(P_n)和叶片单位面积有活性反应中心的数量(RC/CSm),以及捕获的激子将电子传递到Q_A以后的其他电子受体的概率(Ψ_o),从而缓解了臭氧胁迫下的光抑制程度。结论:外源褪黑素缓解了臭氧胁迫下葡萄叶片叶绿素的降解,通过调节光系统的能量分配,缓解了臭氧胁迫对光合作用的伤害。     

线粒体与种子老化的关系

种子作为最基本的生产资料,其活力高低直接关系到农业生产的成败。关于种子老化机理的研究是种子科学研究的热点和难点。线粒体是真核生物细胞内重要的细胞器,是细胞能量合成和物质代谢的中心,也是活性氧产生的主要位点,且普遍认为,活性氧是导致种子老化的主要因素。种子老化过程中线粒体的典型结构逐渐被破坏,呼吸速率和氧化磷酸化效率降低,抗氧化功能发生改变,因此,本文主要概述种子的老化与线粒体结构、呼吸作用、抗氧化系统变化的关系,并阐述线粒体与细胞程序性死亡关系的研究进展,系统分析种子老化与线粒体变化研究中存在的问题及未来发展趋势,以期为研究种子老化的线粒体作用机理提供理论基础。     

Structural mechanics of wood composite materials I: Ultrasonic evaluation of internal bond strength during an accelerated aging test

This research attempts to observe indirectly the variation of internal bond characteristics for wood composite materials during accelerated aging test treatment using ultrasonic pulse-transmission techniques. Particleboard (PB) and oriented strandboard (OSB) were the representative specimens. The transit time of the ultrasonic wave propagating through the samples along the nominal length and thickness directions was recorded using an apparatus called PUNDIT (C.N.S. Electronic, London). The transit times were measured in the samples under an oven-dried condition after treating them with boiling water at different treating time stages, and the velocity was then calculated based on the transit time. Examination of the internal bond strength conducted on the same samples was done according to JIS A 5908. A study of the relations among springback, internal bond strength, and velocity indicated that a high correlation existed between ultrasonic velocity measured in the length or thickness direction and the internal bond strength for the PB specimen, but no significant correlation was observed between the velocity measured in the length direction and the internal bond strength for the OSB specimen. The results of this research suggested that ultrasound techniques can be applied to predict or evaluate the internal bond state of some wood-composite materials made of relatively small particles, such as PB especially, during accelerated aging test treatment processes.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 1997