Establishment of Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce in the hot deserts of India

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce, commonly known as Jandi, is a deep rooted, nitrogen fixing, multipurpose tree endemic to the hot deserts of India. These trees are the essential component of the agroforestry land use system in these parts of India. The shade-intolerant tree reproduces poorly in nature and is difficult to propagate vegetatively. Germination up to 86.6% was observed after 15 days in seeds soaked in water at room temperature for 72 h. In another treatment, pouring of boiling water twice (at 0 and 6 h) over seeds and germinating after 12 h produced germination rates of 92.6%. Field establishment of containerized transplants in polythene bags (22×10 cm; 150 gauge) gave 90.3% survival after 6 months and 75.4% survival after 24 months. Seedlings were irrigated once during transplanting with 15 1 water. Bare root transplants and manual direct seeding after 6 months had a survival of 30.8 and 45.0%, respectively. Increased levels of nutrients (N, P and K), moisture content and organic carbon were observed under plantations as compared to open areas.     

Crystallity Change of Compressed Poplar Wood Treated by PF Resin

INTRODUCTIONWith the implementing of the Natural ForestryProtection policies in China, the plantation forestry willplay a much larger part in meeting the demand for wood.But the plantation wood, especially Poplar and Fir, havecommon properties of soft structure, low density andpoor processing. Generally speaking, these propertiescan be evidently improved by compressing. MasafumiInoue et al. (1991a, 1991b, 1990) had studied thesurface compression of coniferous wood. Their studiesshowed …     

掺钢渣的石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石抗压强度的研究

以马鞍山钢铁集团钢渣公司的钢渣为研究对象，分析研究了在半刚性基层材料石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石中掺入细钢渣，用细钢渣部分取代粉煤灰后，混合料无侧限抗压强度的变化情况。试验结果表明，随着细钢渣掺量的增加，石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石混合料的无侧限抗压强度呈先增大后减小的趋势。这说明当细钢渣掺量适当时（钢渣：粉煤灰=1：2），能明显提高石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石混合料的抗压强度，其抗压强度可提高30％，所以从其增强效果来看是比较显著的。     

加压因素对杨木单板压缩率和回弹率的影响

以速生杨木的边/心材单板为研究对象,对其进行水热密实化处理,通过单因素试验方法,分别研究了加压温度和加压压力对杨木边/心材单板的压缩率、气干24和48 h的厚度回弹率的影响,初步探讨了各个因素的作用机理.研究发现:各因素水平下,杨木边/心材单板的压缩率和厚度回弹率均呈现出一定的规律性,心材单板的压缩率高于边材单板,但厚度回弹率低于边材单板,且各因素的作用机理有所差异.边/心材单板水热密实化处理的较佳条件均为:加压温度150℃,加压压力5 MPa.     

油菜宽幅折叠式浅旋精量联合直播机设计与试验

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜播种作业工序复杂、效率低的问题,设计了一种油菜宽幅折叠式浅旋精量联合直播机,可实现开畦沟、浅旋灭茬、油菜精量播种、种床覆土等功能。分析确定了整机基本结构和工作过程,对液压折叠机构进行了运动学和动力学分析,利用Matlab软件确定了液压缸结构参数以及承受的最大负载,基于拖拉机液压油路设计了液压折叠控制系统;根据开畦沟深度、宽度、耕深、覆土均匀性等作业要求,确定了刀轴转速为360～480 r/min,开沟刀、浅旋刀辊旋转半径分别为320、175 mm,开沟刀盘开沟刀数量为8;分析了分土导流板结构参数的取值范围,应用EDEM软件开展了分土导流板不同结构参数组合下的覆土均匀性正交试验,建立了覆土均匀性与分土导流板安装距离、导流板长度和分土板角度的回归数学模型,试验结果表明,当分土导流板安装距离为200 mm、导向板长度为600 mm、分土板角度为60°时,覆土均匀性可达93.33%。田间试验结果表明,当机组前进速度为3.6 km/h、畦沟深度为150 mm、刀轴转速为480 r/min时,油菜宽幅折叠式浅旋精量联合直播机作业后种床碎土率为91.62%,秸秆埋覆率为9...     

生育约束型直播水稻生育特征与稳产关键技术

随着农村优质劳力减少和劳动力成本攀升以及农业规模化经营的发展,直播水稻作为一种轻简化的种植技术应用面积不断扩大。因此,促进直播水稻稳产与增产对保证中国粮食安全具有重要意义。根据我国南方多熟制地区直播水稻生产特点,笔者提出了生育约束型直播水稻的概念,即受前茬作物的影响,直播水稻较移栽水稻播种晚,全生育期缩短,温光资源利用减少,加上前茬秸秆全量还田和短农耗期内粗放或半粗放化整地播种,造成种子和苗期都处于多种逆境下,显著制约了水稻的正常出苗与生育,使水稻产量不高不稳。这种生育约束型直播水稻在生产上应用已较为广泛,制约了大面积平衡增产。为此,有针对性地探究了生育约束型直播水稻稳产栽培途径,选用江苏代表性的穗粒兼顾型粳稻品种,在大面积有代表性的简化耕作播种条件下,通过设置基本苗量120万/hm ²、240万/hm ²和360万/hm ²处理,分别代表分蘖为主成穗型、主茎分蘖成穗并重型、主茎成穗型3种栽培途径,系统比较研究各类型水稻群体光合物质生产特征、产量与品质特征,初步认为“适当增加基本苗,增加主茎成穗比例,以主茎成穗为主,通过足量主茎穗数产出较高群体颖花量,在生育中后期积累更多的干物质量”是利于生育约束型直播水稻稳产增效的有效栽培途径。本文中还介绍了生育约束型直播水稻稳产栽培关键技术,并对合理发展直播水稻提出了建议。     

直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法在CFD冲蚀预测中的应用

为研究气固两相流中固体颗粒间碰撞对冲蚀的影响,提出一种利用直接模拟蒙特卡罗(Direct Simulation Monte Carlo,DSMC)方法和计算流体力学(CFD)计算颗粒间碰撞的冲蚀预测方法。使用Eulerian-Lagrangian方法,将气相作为连续相,通过Navier-Stokes方程求解,颗粒平移运动由离散相模型(DPM)求解。颗粒平移运动由Eulerian-Lagrangian框架下的DPM求解,计算颗粒间碰撞运动时采用DSMC方法以少量采样颗粒代替真实颗粒,碰撞的发生条件通过修正的Nanbu方法判定。分析气固两相流中颗粒间碰撞对弯管冲蚀速率和颗粒分布的影响,结果表明:使用DSMC方法计算颗粒间碰撞,Oka模型的平均百分误差从39.2%降低至27.4%;计算颗粒间碰撞时弯管内拱侧的无颗粒区变小,最大冲蚀位置沿外拱轴线后移5°,同时V形冲蚀痕迹的两翼向外侧扩大。使用DSMC方法计算颗粒间碰撞可以明显降低模型误差,考虑颗粒间碰撞的Oka模型与实验结果偏差最小,是冲蚀预测的最佳模型。     

基于直剪试验的稻谷粮堆力学性质研究

为揭示粮仓建设和粮食运输途中粮堆的强度与剪胀特性,开展了在垂直压力为25~200kPa、含水率分别为8.41%、10.59%、13.88%和16.25%条件下的稻谷直剪试验。结果表明:稻谷粮堆剪切变形可分为弹性变形、塑性变形和籽粒压缩3个阶段;不同含水率下,稻谷粮堆强度特性基本符合莫尔-库伦强度准则,随着含水率增加,稻谷粮堆粘聚力逐渐减少,内摩擦角逐渐增大;含水率对稻谷粮堆的剪胀特性影响不明显,但随着垂直压力的增大,其剪缩性越明显;在垂直压力较小的条件下,含水率对稻谷粮堆的抗剪强度影响较大,随着垂直压力的增大,含水率对抗剪强度的影响逐渐减小。研究结果可为粮食仓储和运输、装载粮食机械的设计、粮堆数值仿真建模提供参考。     

Treatment of a femoral fracture with a titanium locking compression plate distal femur (LCP‐DF) in a young donkey

A closed complete mid‐diaphyseal spiral fracture of the left femur in a one‐year‐old donkey was treated with a 4.5 mm titanium locking compression plate distal femur (LCP‐DF)¹. This plate was originally manufactured for human orthopaedics, primarily for femoral osteosynthesis. The LCP‐DF¹ has a distal head plate that was advantageous in this case because the distal fragment was smaller. Post operative radiographs showed optimal femoral reconstruction and a callus was present 3 weeks after surgery. The donkey was sound at the walk and trot 2 months after surgery. Radiographs taken 5 months after surgery showed stable implants and complete healing without complications.