干热河谷印楝树干液流密度动态变化特征研究

采用TDP技术对金沙江干热河谷元谋段主要造林树种印楝的树干液流密度动态变化进行了观测,得到3点主要结论:①无论干热季节或湿润季节,印楝树干液流密度昼夜变化的规律性较强,呈明显的单峰曲线;②由干热季节转向湿润季节时,印楝树干液流密度呈下降趋势,5年生印楝在5月、7月及10月的典型晴天里的树干液流密度日变化平均值分别为12.11、7.48及6.90cm3·cm-2·h-1;③在干热季节里印楝蒸腾耗水具有相当的被动性,而在湿润季节时其蒸腾耗水则表现出主动性和平氨性,反映了印楝在不同季节里的耗水机制差异.     

基于生态足迹模型的西北干旱绿洲农业区可持续发展评价——以张掖市为例

利用生态足迹和生态承载力的理论和方法,以西北干旱绿洲农业区城市张掖为例,对其可持续发展状况及程度进行了评价和度量。结果表明：张掖市2009年人均生态足迹为3.798hm2,人均承载力为1.453hm2,人均生态赤字为2.345hm2。在此基础上,对张掖市的生态可持续发展进行了评价,并提出解决对策。     

细菌性根腐病对三七光合特性的影响

根腐病是严重威胁三七生产的重要因素之一,常年发病率在5%～20%。其中,由假单胞杆菌(Pseudomon adaceae)引起的细菌性根腐病,因叶片出现缺水萎蔫症状时才能发现,目前尚无有效的预防措施。为探究细菌性根腐病对三七光合生理特性的影响,从而为三七病害生理学研究提供理论基础,本文以2年生三七为材料,设置2个处理[发病植株和健康对照植株(CK)],研究细菌性根腐病对三七形态结构、光合特性和光系统功能的影响。结果表明:1)根腐病导致三七的主根褐变腐烂,须根断损,茎基部腐烂中空,叶片萎蔫,各器官含水量比CK显著降低(P≤0.05);而株高、叶面积和叶片解剖结构(上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度)在两处理间均无显著差异。2)发病植株叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率(WUE)和表观叶肉导度(AMC)显著低于CK(P≤0.05),且CK叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)与P_n呈反比。3)发病植株叶片的光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)反应中心P700最大荧光信号(P_m)根腐病初期暂不受影响,而叶片暗适应下最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)电子传递速率[ETR(Ⅱ)]、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、PSⅠ电子传递速率[ETR(Ⅰ)]、PSⅠ周围的环式电子流(CEF)和PSⅠ实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅰ)]均显著低于CK(P≤0.05);参与调节性能量耗散的量子产量[Y(NO)]则显著高于CK(P≤0.05);发病植株的快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线上出现K相,且显著高于CK(P≤0.05)。总的来看,细菌性根腐病对三七发病植株各器官的损伤严重程度为根茎叶,且根腐病导致发病植株叶片叶绿素降解, PSⅡ受到不可逆损伤, PSⅠ的电子传递被抑制,且叶肉细胞CO_2的同化能力降低,根腐病限制三七正常进行光合作用的条件。     

Response of confection sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in a semi‐arid environment to planting date and early termination of irrigation

Adjustments on planting date and on the time to terminate irrigation may reduce agricultural water use. However, such management practices in regions with extreme weather conditions have the potential to negatively affect yield. A 3‐year (2012–2014) study was conducted on a clay‐loam soil in a cool, semi‐arid environment to (i) determine the response of confection sunflower to planting date and irrigation termination timing and (ii) identify the relative importance of yield components in irrigated confection sunflower across planting dates. Early May planting had considerable negative effects on all studied variables, except on the percentage of large seeds. The highest yield of total and large seeds was obtained from the late May plantings, averaging 3,777 and 3,379 kg/ha, respectively. None of the irrigation strategies affected the measured variables. However, the interaction between planting date and termination of irrigation significantly affected the 1,000‐seed weight. Our study revealed the last week of May as suitable planting period for confection sunflower in the semi‐arid north‐western region of Wyoming, USA, and that irrigation on heavy soils may be terminated as early as at R5.5 stage without a significant yield reduction. The path‐coefficient analysis indicated head diameter and the number of seeds per head as important traits that significantly influence the yield of confection sunflower across planting dates.     

Water circulation induced by mechanical aerators in a rectangular vessel for shrimp aquaculture

A water streamer was designed for the purpose of enhancing cost-efficient circulation between the water surface and bottom of shrimp aquaculture ponds. We took direct measurements of the water current field induced by the designed aerator in a large rectangular reservoir of dimensions (L)50 × (W)19 × (D)1.3 m³ and compared the results with those of a standard Taiwanese paddle-wheel aerator. Vertical circulation between the surface and the bottom induced by the paddle wheel aerator was less than that by the designed aerator. Furthermore, the paddle-wheel aerator consumed more electric power than the designed aerator. The structures of water current induced by the two aerators are elucidated, and the advantages and disadvantages of the aerators are discussed.Auxiliary employment of the designed aerators may contribute to delivery of high DO water throughout the pond, which is more efficient than a paddle wheel aerator.     

水利建设可持续发展刍议

首先分析了水利建设与可持续发展的关系,即可持续发展对水利建设提出了新要求、丰富了新思路,水利建设实践推动了水利可持续发展研究,并基于此提出水利建设可持续发展思路,即树立可持续发展意识,推进水利建设制度创新;人水协调,加强水利现代化建设.     

大连国家生态工业示范园净水厂使用林地可行性分析

首先,提出了大连国家生态工业示范园净水厂建设的必要性;然后,分析项目使用林地对当地森林资源、生物多样性、生态效能、景观风貌、环境质量及林业发展的影响;最后,结合园区供水安全现状、相关法规及其自然地理情况,综合分析该项目使用林地的可行性,为林业管理者科学管理提供参考依据。分析表明,为了保障大连国家生态工业示范园区供水安全,建设大连国家生态工业示范园净水厂使用林地是可行的。     

菱传粉生物学研究

以6 个菱品种为试材，对花器形态特征、群体花期及单花开花动态、开花时间、柱头可授性、花粉活力、杂交指数 及传粉形式等进行观察测定。结果表明：菱花单生，两性，单花花期15 h，群体花期在5～10 月，盛花期在7～8 月；不同 品种在一天中的开花高峰期存在差异；柱头可授期主要在萼片开裂后2 h 内，结实率在50% 以上；花粉在自然授粉条件下活 力可保持7.5 h；以自花授粉为主，同时存在一定程度的无融合生殖和少量异花授粉。     

不同饲养密度对鳝苗的生长性能研究

本试验以水蚯蚓作为饵料,研究了60日龄鳝苗不同密度下的增重、存活率及饵料转化率。试验分3个密度组,其对应的密度分别为2000尾/m2、3000尾/m2、4000尾/m2,每个密度组设4个平行;试验时间为30d。结果表明:在本试验条件下,3个密度组鳝苗的增重率、存活率随着密度的增大呈下降趋势,而其饵料系数随着密度增大而增大;其中在4000尾/m2的密度下,鳝苗的增重率最低,仅为1.12±0.13;饵料系数最高,为5.71±1.37。     

Can soil moisture deficit be used to forecast when soils are at high risk of damage owing to grazing animals?

A potentially significant cause of damage to grassland soils is compaction of unsaturated soil and poaching of saturated or nearly saturated soil by animal hooves. Damage is caused when an applied stress is in excess of the bearing strength of the soil and results in a loss of soil structure, macroporosity and air or water conductivity. Severely damaged soils can cause reduced grassland productivity and make grazing management very difficult for the farmer. The actual amount of soil damage that can occur during grazing is dependent on the grass cover which acts as a protecting layer, the soil water content and the characteristics of the grazing animal (weight and hoof size). Assuming that the farmer is knowledgeable about the characteristics of the grazing animal and grass cover, it would be very useful for short‐term operational farm planning to be able to predict when soil water contents were likely to be in a critical range with respect to potential hoof damage. In this study soil moisture deficits (SMDs) which can be derived from meteorological forecasts are evaluated for predicting when soil water conditions are likely to lead to hoof damage. Two contrasting Irish grassland soils were analysed using a Hounsfield servo‐mechanical vertical testing machine to simulate static (285.4 N) and dynamic (571 N) hoof loads on the soil over a range of estimated SMDs (0, 5, 10 and 20 mm). The deficits were analysed with respect to the soil volumetric water content, compression (displacement) and change in dry bulk density. The SMDs imposed in the laboratory were similar to those under field conditions and thus the methods used in this study are applicable elsewhere. The change in dry bulk density following loading (0.2–0.7 g/cm³) was linearly related to SMD (R² ranged from 0.90 to 0.99), leading to the conclusion that a forecast of SMD can be used to predict when grassland soils are likely to be at risk of damage from grazing.