生物炭对水稻土Olsen-P的影响

生物炭如何影响土壤磷素的有效性目前尚不清楚。本研究以稻草和白杨树枝为原料,采用室内培养方法,研究了300℃、450℃和600℃制备的生物炭在5、15和40g/kg施用量下对水稻土Olsen-P的影响。与树枝炭相比,稻草炭显著提高了水稻土Olsen-P含量;3种温度制备的稻草炭对水稻土Olsen-P的影响不存在显著差异;3种施用量稻草炭均显著提高了水稻土Olsen-P含量。生物炭制备原料和施用量均显著影响土壤磷素的有效性,不同温度制备的生物炭对土壤磷素的有效性影响不显著。     

类黄酮对AM真菌侵染菌丝生长及酶活性的影响

类黄酮（hesperitin）能显著促进AM真菌[Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Acaulospora laevis（A.l）、G.i＋A.l]对宿主植物（玉米、棉花）根段的侵染,提高菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶（Succinate dehydrogenase,SDH）和碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase,ALP）的活性.当用15 nmol L^-1、150 nmol L^-1、1.5 μmol L^-1类黄酮处理时,第6周取样,G.i对玉米根段的侵染率分别为76.2%、84.5%、75.8%（对照为45.9%）,菌丝SDH酶活性分别为68.4%、75.9%、67.4%（对照为40.7%）,菌丝ALP酶活性分别为45.8%、51.4%、45.1%（对照为27.1%）;G.i对棉花根段的侵染率分别为85.2%、88.9%、83.8%（对照为59.8%）,菌丝SDH酶活性分别为76.8%、81.2%、75.0%（对照为53.1%）,菌丝ALP酶活性分别为51.2%、53.7%、49.4%（对照为35.2%）.同时,类黄酮能显著增加土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量,对宿主植物（玉米、棉花）的生物量也有一定的影响.     

Direct contribution by soil arthropods to nutrient availability through body and faecal nutrient content

Summary The direct contribution made by soil arthropods to nutrient dynamics was investigated in pine forests that differed in soil nutrient status. Nutrient concentrations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , N, C) in the most abundant species and groups of arthropods in two Pinus nigra forests were compared, and distinct differences were found among taxonomic groups. In the rank order: collembolans, oribatides, isopods, diplopods, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations increased, while N and C concentrations decreased. The nutrient concentrations in individuals of the same species but originating from the different forests were similar, except for the isopod Philoscia muscorum. The total and available nutrient concentrations in food and faeces of the collembolan Tomocerus minor and the isopod Philoscia muscorum were compared. The isopod faeces contained relatively less K⁺ and Mg²⁺, and more Ca²⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , and greater N availability, compared with the food material. The collembolan faeces showed a higher availability of all nutrients measured. The N species appeared to be changed by collembolans; their faeces contained high NO ₃ ^– concentrations, while their food contained relatively high concentrations of NH ₄ ⁺ . These findings were examined in relation to their significance for ecosystem functioning. It was concluded that about 12% of the total K⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , N and 2% of the Ca²⁺ in the organic layer was found in the mesofauna. It was calculated that faeces production by the collembolans resulted in a 2.4 times higher NO ₃ ^– availability in the forest floor.     

洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式耕作土壤氮素含量与循环

通过对洞庭湖典型地区的密集采样分析和农户调查,研究了4种利用方式耕作土壤全N、微生物生物量氮(MB-N)含量、两者关系和N素循环特征。结果表明:耕作土壤全N、MB-N含量平均值为3.00±0.48g/kg和101.4±49.2mg/kg。双季稻、一季稻、水田旱作和旱地全N平均含量依次为3.12±0.40g/kg、3.03±0.39g/kg、2.79±0.43g/kg2、.10±0.46g/kg。4种利用方式的MB-N含量分别为124.0±56.6mg/kg、96.4±39.2mg/kg、108.0±48.6mg/kg、75.2±30.5mg/kg。除水田旱作外,MB-N与全N之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。土壤N素盈余量依次为双季稻(105.0kg/hm2.a)>一季稻(75.1kg/hm2.a)>水田旱作油菜(64.5kg/hm2.a)>旱地苎麻(51.9kg/hm2.a)。     

Solvent-extractable lipids in an acid andic forest soil; variations with depth and season

Total lipid extracts from an acid andic soil profile located on Madeira Island (Portugal) were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The profile was covered mainly by grass. Bulk soil characteristics determined included soil pH (H₂O) ranging from 4.5 to 4.0 and TOC, ranging from 84 to 30 g kg⁻¹. A decrease of the contribution of lipids per TOC with depth was observed. The absence of typical bacterial markers might be an indication for reduced bacterial activity, most likely related to the low soil pH and the presence of Al and Fe (oxides). The distribution observed in the top layer with a dominant C₂₆n-alkanol, steroids and triterpenoids, reflected mainly an input by grass leaves. A strong decrease in both relative and absolute concentration of these leaf-derived compounds was observed when comparing the litter layer with the mineral soil. The presence of C₂₂-C₃₂n-alkanoic acids, C₂₂-C₂₆ ω-hydroxy acids, C₃₁n-alkane and C₂₂-C₃₂n-alkanols observed in the sub-soil is indicative of an important contribution by (grass) roots. In summer, a signal most likely reflecting the leaching of microbially derived products from the litter and/or aerial vegetation at the surface was observed.     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤／沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比，微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验，两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

气象条件对酿酒葡萄若干品质因子的影响

根据2004-2005年北方6省酿酒葡萄主要产区葡萄取样和宁夏芦花台园艺场田间试验资料，分析了影响酿酒葡萄主要品质因子总糖、总酸、pH值和单宁积累的气象因子和影响时段，并建立了关系模式，提出了影响酿酒葡萄品质的定量气象指标。研究结果表明：酿酒葡萄品质与气象条件密切相关，主要影响因子是降水量、积温和气温日较差等。影响酿酒葡萄品质形成的关键时期是7-8月（幼果膨大-果实着色期），其次是果实着色期-成熟期。7—8月降水量和水热系数对酿酒葡萄总糖含量的影响最大，7-8〉130mm，K7-8〉1．62时，总糖含量不能达到170g／L（酿优质酒所需最低糖度）。酿酒葡萄总酸含量与果实采收前一个月水热系数呈幂指数关系，随水热系数增加，含酸量缓慢增加。因此，要使酿酒葡萄果实中酸含量达到5～6g／L，则果实采收前一个月的水热系数应在0．12～0．63。酿酒葡萄中单宁含量与开花-成熟期积温、8月平均气温、9月l日到果实采收期日较差和采收前一个月平均最低气温呈指数关系，与8月日照时数呈二次曲线关系。酿酒葡萄果实的pH值随开花-成熟期平均最高气温和果实膨大期蒸发量的增加而增加。     

上海地区不同施肥方式氮磷随地表径流流失研究

选择上海宝山罗店镇具有代表性的旱地蔬菜农田生态系统,在从2004年3月到8月的近半年时间里,通过对径流及径流中侵蚀泥沙的氮磷流失情况的连续监测与实验分析,研究了旱地农田施肥与氮磷流失污染之间的关系,探讨了农田氮磷的迁移特征及环境效应,主要结果表明:随地表径流流失的总氮、总磷,流失形态以沉积相为主,大部分是当季施用的化肥,随径流排出农田的氮素中有37.7%是当季施用的氮素化肥,磷素中有26.9%是当季施用的磷素化肥。     

微波辅助萃取诸葛菜中的总黄酮研究

采用微波辅助萃取乙醇浸提法从诸葛菜中提取黄酮类物质,对所提取的黄酮类物质进行验证,并用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。结果表明,诸葛菜中总黄酮含量为0.380 7 mg/ml,回收率为97.79%,其纯度和产率均较高。该方法采用全物理过程,无任何污染,是提取诸葛菜中黄酮类物质的有效途径。     

三籽两型豆总黄酮·氨基酸含量测定

测定了泰山自然生长的野生三籽两型豆(Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth.)中总黄酮及氨基酸含量.结果表明,三籽两型豆总黄酮含量为0.025 19%;共测出18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量214.9 mg/g,含量最高的为谷氨酸38.0 mg/g,人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的35%.三籽两型豆有较高的药用和营养价值,是一种是比较理想的功能食品新资源.