秸秆还田对土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的影响

为探明秸秆还田后土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的变化情况，通过田间试验，研究了秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作体系中土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田可以增加土壤有机质含量，提高土壤养分库容，增加土壤中细菌、真菌及放线菌数量。50%秸秆还田、100%秸秆还田、150%秸秆还田条件下，土壤有机质增幅为0.02~0.04个百分点，土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾分别增加6.64~9.00、3.37~4.07、10.33~19.00 mg/kg。不同秸秆还田量增加土壤微生物丰富度，细菌、真菌、放线菌增幅分别为2.2×10⁸个/g~3.1×10⁸个/g、0.5×10⁶个/g ~3.5×10⁶个/g、1.3×10⁷个/g ~1.9×10⁷个/g。但过量秸秆还田不利于农田生产力。     

A review of the role of excess soil moisture conditions in constraining farm practices under Atlantic conditions

The Less Favoured Area (LFA) scheme is a major element of the EU Rural Development Policy, aimed at supporting farming in areas with natural handicaps or low soil productivity. It has been in place since 1975 and accounts for 14% of total Community funding. In 2003, the European Court of Auditors recommended that the socio‐economic criteria on which the current scheme is based be replaced by biophysical criteria. Reviews of the proposals suggest that in Atlantic climates of Northwest Europe, the new criteria do not delineate adequately areas where agricultural productivity is constrained by the biophysical environment and that such areas are instead demarcated by the occurrence of excess soil moisture conditions. In this paper, we review the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on the sustainability of farming systems and their role in constraining strategic and tactical farm management practices. In particular, we review the scientific evidence on the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on herbage growth, herbage utilization, farm operations and environmental sustainability. On the basis of this, we propose an additional biophysical criterion for the new delineation of LFAs, namely the length of time that soil water is in excess of field capacity (‘field capacity days’). While there is no clear threshold for field capacity days above which agricultural sustainability is acutely constrained, the evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that the sustainability of intensive livestock farming and tillage systems is particularly challenging in scenarios where the 80 percentile of field capacity days exceeds 220–230 days.     

贵州中部天然暖性草丛草地生产力变化和承载力分析

[目的]探讨放牧与围封对亚热天然暖性草丛草地生产力的影响并分析其草地承载力.[方法]以贵州中部龙里县亚热带天然暖性草丛草地为试验地区,连续调查2010～2012年草地生产力月、季和年动态,并对数据进行分析.[结果]放牧与围封条件下,贵州龙里暖性草丛草地植物现存量、牧草生长量均表现为先增加后减少的趋势,其峰值出现在8～10月份.围封明显提高天然草地的生产力,对天然草地植被组成改变不大.[结论]从草畜平衡的角度分析,贵州中部暖性草地适宜载畜量在3.45～4.66只羊/hm2时,具有良好的生态效益,在经济上可为农牧民所承受.     

Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on growth performance,intestinal antioxidative capacity,immunity, and intestinal microbiota in yellow-feathered chickens

Essential oils are plant-derived aromatic volatile oils, and they contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve poultry nutrition. In this study, we investigated the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) on intestinal antioxidative capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota of young yellow-feathered chickens. A total of nine hundred and sixty 1-d-old female Qingyuan partridge chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with six replicates of 40 birds each, and the feeding trial was lasted for 30 d. The controls were fed on a basal diet without in-feed antibiotics; the birds in the antibiotic group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg virginiamycin; the remaining birds were fed the basal diet containing 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO, respectively. Dietary supplementation with 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO increased average daily feed intake (P = 0.057) and average daily gain (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidative capacity in plasma, jejuna, and ileal mucosa were increased by OEO supplementation (P < 0.05), with a trend of lower jejunal content of malonaldehyde (P = 0.062). Moreover, dietary OEO increased the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (P = 0.078) and the relative expression of Claudin 1, Mucin 2, and Avain beta-defensin 1 in ileum (P < 0.05). Sequencing data of 16S rRNA indicated that dietary OEO increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum, and Clostridium and Lactobacillus genera, and decreasing that of Romboutsia. Functional analyses indicated that microbial amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, replication, and repair systems were higher in OEO groups than those of controls and antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with OEO enhanced growth performance, alleviated local oxidative stress in intestine, improved production of natural antibodies, and favorably modulated intestinal microbiota composition.     

甘肃省天祝县草原补奖政策实施效果

草原作为重要的生态资产与生产资源,在我国生态文明建设和社会经济发展中具有重要的战略地位。党的十八大以来,我国将生态文明建设纳入“五位一体”总体布局之中,在草原牧区实施草原生态补奖政策,对草地生态保护、修复和助力牧区精准脱贫具有重要意义。本研究以甘肃省天祝藏族自治县为例,通过历年统计数据和查阅年鉴等方式获得相关资料,对两轮补奖政策实施效果进行梳理,从补奖政策资金、草地生产力及载畜量、生态效益、经济效益和社会效益等方面分析了政策实施前后变化情况。结果表明：1)两轮补奖政策实施后,天祝县草原生态环境逐步恢复,草地生产力达到2 162.28 kg·hm–2,相比补奖政策实施前提高了45.4%;2)畜牧业生产方式不断转变,理论载畜量增长了42.98万个羊单位,相比补奖政策实施前提高了54.3%;3)农牧民人均收入从补奖政策实施前的4 012元增加到8 265元。遵从“绿水青山就是金山银山”的生态发展理念,为进一步加强草地生态恢复,建议：1)在平衡禁牧下农户收入水平和生态补偿资金投入的基础上确定草原补奖补偿标准;2)加快培育现代农业产业,加大产业扶持力度,积极发展特色农牧业;3)建立健全放牧禁牧制度,科学制定草原合理利用计划。     

山奈酚对三硝基丙酸诱导氧化应激胎鼠的影响

试验旨在研究山奈酚对三硝基丙酸诱导亲代小鼠氧化应激从而对子代胎鼠氧化应激和抗氧化能力的作用。42只亲代小鼠分为3组:对照组、氧化应激模型组、抗氧化剂组,试验重复3次。测定妊娠20 d后的子代胎鼠肝脏、肺脏和心脏3个器官中的总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力。结果显示,山奈酚显著代偿降低子代胎鼠心、肝、肺相关抗氧化酶的活力(P<0.05),显著降低氧化应激产物的含量(P<0.05)。研究表明,山奈酚对于由三硝基丙酸诱导的亲代小鼠氧化应激模型的子代胎鼠氧化应激情况具有一定的抗氧化作用。     

宁夏回族自治区养殖粪污资源化利用现状调查与分析

畜禽粪污资源化利用,是农村生态环境保护工作的重点和难点,对于改善农村生态环境质量、提高农业绿色发展水平、促进农产品增产提质具有重要意义。本文为进一步了解宁夏回族自治区（简称“宁夏”）畜禽粪污资源化利用现状,在宁夏银川市、石嘴山市、吴忠市、中卫市、固原市5 市,对四大产业主导区畜禽养殖产业基本情况、全区及各市不同类型和规模的畜禽养殖粪污资源化利用现状及问题、不同养殖类型和规模的资源化主推技术及典型案例等情况进行了实地调研。结果表明：2020年,宁夏畜禽存栏总量2 046.0 万头（只）,其中,奶牛57.4 万头、肉牛120.7 万头、羊596.1 万只、生猪90.0 万头、家禽1 181.8 万只。畜禽粪污产生量3 025.3 万吨,全区粪污资源化利用总量为2 961.6 万吨,综合利用率达到97.9%,规模养殖场设施配套率达99.0%,该地区畜禽粪污综合利用主要途径有肥料化利用、能源化利用、清洁再生回用等。     

基于层次分析法的辽河干流水环境承载力评价研究

目前,水生态文明建设提出后,水环境承载力成为衡量地区可持续发展能力的一项重要指标。为了解辽河干流沿岸城市的水环境承载状况,以辽河干流为研究区域,采用层次分析法,建立以水资源、社会、经济、生态环境为子系统的评价体系。代入各行政分区的样本值,进行辽河干流水环境综合承载能力计算。评价了各行政分区不同现状年的承载状况。     

资料缺乏地区水功能区纳污能力计算——以都匀市清水江为例

水功能区限制纳污红线的确立是实行最严格水资源管理制度的重要组成部分。然而在河流纳污能力量化的过程中往往因为流量、流速等数据的缺失或不足导致计算结果不够准确。SWAT分布式水文模型可以通过DEM生成河网并结合气象等数据计算出河道的流量和流速,模型的这一优势能够很好地解决目标河道水文资料缺乏的问题。以黔南州都匀市清水江为例,通过构建SWAT模型和一维水质模型计算出该河流各个水功能区的纳污能力,研究结果可为该河流的水污染总量控制提供数据支撑。     

基于SD模型的长沙市水资源承载力研究

基于长沙市水资源现状,为平衡居民生活用水、经济生产用水和环境生态用水之间的关系,运用系统动力学方法,建立长沙市水资源-人口-经济-生态环境的耦合系统,模型模拟了现状延续型、经济发展型、节水治污型和综合协调型四种发展模式,选取GDP、人口数量、居民生活需水量、经济需水总量、供需压力作为主要评价指标。结果表明:第一、二、三产业分别保持10%、12%、12%年增长率且节流治污情况与现状延续型保持一致的方案,供需压力将达到节流治污方案的两倍多;经济生产用水对水资源供需压力的影响远大于居民生活用水和环境生态用水;通过适当降低人均用水量来平衡因人口数量增长而增加的居民生活用水是可行的。