玉米蚜的发生动态研究

对玉米蚜发生动态的室外自然调查结果表明,玉米蚜在陕西关中的寄主植物主要有玉米、小麦、大麦、高梁、莠子草、稗草、狗尾草、蟋蟀草、狗牙根及马唐草等。其在10月中、下旬迁入麦田,以无翅成蚜在小麦根际地下越冬。7月上旬迁入玉米田,发生高峰在玉米抽雄期和雌穗成熟前期,与寄主营养良好的生育期一致。有翅蚜的发生有3个高峰期,分别是7月下旬玉米大喇叭口期、8月下旬散粉结束雄穗逐渐干枯期和9月中、下旬玉米营养和气候条件恶化时。抽雄以前在玉米植株的分布由基部到心叶逐渐增多;玉米抽雄以后,由雄穗逐渐向下部移动。玉米蚜在玉米植株上的分布动态因植株的营养状况及气温变化而不同,一般主要分布于植株较幼嫩和隐蔽的部位。     

亚致死浓度毒死蜱和异丙威对禾谷缢管蚜试验种群的影响

禾谷缢管蚜[Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)]是重要的小麦害虫,毒死蜱和异丙威作为有效防治禾谷缢管蚜的杀虫剂,可以在致死浓度下直接杀死禾谷缢管蚜,其亚致死浓度也可能会引起禾谷缢管蚜生理和行为的改变。为明确亚致死浓度的毒死蜱和异丙威对禾谷缢管蚜试验种群的影响,本研究采用浸叶法分别测定了毒死蜱和异丙威对禾谷缢管蚜成蚜的毒力;并以含0.1%吐温-80的蒸馏水为对照,利用生命表技术分别研究了毒死蜱亚致死浓度(C-LC20和C-LC30)和异丙威亚致死浓度(I-LC20和I-LC30)对禾谷缢管蚜F0代和F1代种群生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,C-LC20、C-LC30、I-LC20和I-LC30处理后,禾谷缢管蚜F0代成蚜寿命分别缩短14.03%、36.04%、12.01%和26.86%,产蚜量分别下降20.55%、42.27%、17.13%和26.00%,均显著低于对照种群;与对照相比,C-LC20、C-LC30、I-LC20和I-LC30处理后,禾谷缢管蚜F1代种群的若虫期分别延长1.51 d、1.92 d、0.9 d和1.19 d,成蚜寿命分别缩短21.62%、33.68%、15.51%和23.14%,产蚜量分别降低21.81%、37.4%、14.51%和29.29%,且F1代种群的内禀增长率rm、净生殖率R0、周限增长率λ以及总生殖率GRR都比对照降低,而F1代种群加倍时间Dt和平均世代周期T均延长。本研究结果显示,亚致死浓度的毒死蜱和异丙威能够降低禾谷缢管蚜种群的发育和繁殖速率,对禾谷缢管蚜种群具有明显的抑制作用。     

3种蚜虫在大麦上生命表参数的研究

[目的]比较3种蚜虫在大麦上的种群参数差异.[方法]以大麦为寄主,在温度为(23±1)℃的人工气候室条件下比较玉米蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜3种蚜虫的生长发育和种群增长差异.[结果]3种蚜虫若虫历期(7.63 ～8.50 d)、成虫寿命(11.23～13.89 d)以及存活率均无显著性差异,若蚜存活率较高,变为成蚜后存活率明显下降,呈典型Ⅰ型.3种蚜虫有翅蚜比例大小为玉米蚜＜禾谷缢管蚜＜麦长管蚜,繁殖力顺序与有翅蚜比例相反.玉米蚜净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)最高,分别为51.40、0.31、1.36,麦长管蚜最低,分别为24.63、0.24、1.28.[结论]3种蚜虫在大麦上的适生性大小顺序为玉米蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦长管蚜.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

龟纹瓢虫对玉米蚜的捕食作用研究

在实验室条件下,测定了不同龄期龟纹瓢虫幼虫及雌雄成虫对玉米蚜的捕食作用.结果表明,龟纹瓢虫对玉米蚜的捕食作用在一定的空间范围内受其自身密度及猎物密度制约,相互间存在干扰.模拟后的各干扰反应方程经x2检验,其理论值与观察值差异不显著.说明龟纹瓢虫对玉米蚜具有很好的捕食控制作用,应注意保护玉米田间龟纹瓢虫.     

不同浓度吡虫啉对禾谷缢管蚜酯酶的影响

采用生物化学方法研究不同剂量吡虫啉对禾谷缢管蚜酯酶活性和酶动力学参数的影响.结果表明,不同浓度吡虫啉处理禾谷缢管蚜后,可极显著诱导禾谷缢管蚜蛋白含量增加和酯酶活力增强,且不同处理组间蛋白含量差异显著,但不同剂量吡虫啉处理并未对禾谷缢管蚜酯酶动力学参数产生明显影响.不同浓度吡虫啉处理禾谷缢管蚜后,并未改变其酯酶的性质,但酯酶的表达量显著增加.     

龟纹瓢虫捕食玉米蚜功能反应研究

室内研究了不同龄期的龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica幼虫和成虫对玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis的捕食功能反应。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫各龄幼虫及成虫对玉米蚜的日捕食量差异较大。龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫对玉米蚜具有较强的捕食能力,最大日捕食量为196.85头。各龄幼虫和成虫的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,经χ2检验,其理论值与观察值差异不显著。     

不同玉米品种(系)田间抗蚜性的初步鉴定

采用蚜情指数法,初步鉴定了河南省4个主栽玉米品种和7个自交系的田间抗蚜性.结果表明,不同品种(系)的抗蚜性存在差异,4个主栽品种浚单20、郑单958、良玉88和先玉335对玉米蚜的抗性级别均在“中抗”以上,其中浚单20和郑单958的抗性最强,达“高抗”水平,其次是良玉88;7个自交系中昌7和昌7-2的抗蚜性最强,达“抗虫”或“高抗”水平,齐319的抗性最弱,为“高感”水平.本研究建立了利用抽雄期至灌浆期的蚜情指数代表玉米全生育期蚜情指数的抗蚜性鉴定方法,结果表明在驻马店和郑州两地的鉴定结论基本一致,说明这种方法是可行的.     

陕西关中地区小麦田禾谷缢管蚜对7种杀虫剂的抗性监测

为明确陕西关中地区麦蚜田间种群对杀虫剂的抗药性现状,采用浸叶法测定了兴平、礼泉、凤翔、岐山、扶风地区麦田禾谷缢管蚜种群对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、异丙威、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、氟啶虫胺腈等7种杀虫剂的抗性水平。结果表明,禾谷缢管蚜对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性水平最高,其中凤翔种群对高效氯氰菊酯达到高水平抗性(抗性倍数为72.5),岐山和扶风种群对该药产生中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为31.4、29.9);5个地区的禾谷缢管蚜对溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、异丙威和阿维菌素的抗性水平较低,表现为敏感、敏感性下降或者低抗性;5个地区的试虫对氟啶虫胺腈均表现为敏感。分析认为,高效氯氰菊酯不适合用于关中地区禾谷缢管蚜防治,氟啶虫胺腈作为一种新型杀虫剂,可以在该虫防治中推广使用,吡虫啉、阿维菌素等其他几种杀虫剂可以在禾谷缢管蚜的防治中交替使用。