苦参毛状根的诱导培养及氧化苦参碱含量的测定

本文主要利用三种发根农杆菌A4、15834、R1601诱导苦参产生毛状根,初步为建立苦参的毛状根培养体系提供参考。本实验采用共培养法,考察了不同外植体、菌种、培养时间对苦参毛状根诱导率的影响,并对苦参毛状根中氧化苦参碱进行初步的含量测定。研究结果表明,苦参毛状根的最佳诱导条件是以生长1周的苦参幼芽为外植体,R1601为菌株,添加100μmol/l的乙酰丁香酮,侵染20 min,(25±1)℃暗处诱导,最终测定诱导率最高为27.6%,存活率为45.8%,而苦参毛状根中氧化苦参碱的富集量为1.68mg/g(苦参毛状根干重),未检测到苦参碱。     

Contribution of Adventitious Roots to Water Use Strategy of Juniperus sabina in a Semiarid Area of China

duniperus sabina Linnaeus, an evergreen shrub with prostrate life form, can effectively prevent sand moving and is an important tree species for reforestation in semiarid areas of China. It has laterally distributed adventitious roots and a deeply distributed main root system. To detect water movement between the main root system and adventitious roots, we adopted heat pulse sensors using the Heat Ratio Method, a high precision method for measuring low sap flow rates. Two sensors were implanted in each individual in the stem between the main root system and adventitious roots, and another two in lateral stems distal to all the roots. Positive sap flows during nighttime, even under saturated air moisture conditions, were detected only between the main root system and adventitious roots under drought conditions, and the rate of flow increased as drought progressed and decreased or disappeared after rain events. The results demonstrated the existence of water movement from the main root system to adventitious roots, and combined with the high contribution of nighttime sap flow to transpiration （11%-16%） the results indicate that it also involves the process of hydraulic lift, a water movement from moist subsoil to dry surface soils. Integrated water use strategy between the main root system and adventitious roots via the process of hydraulic lift of soil water maximizes water acquisition efficiency from both subsoil water and water from rain pulses on the soil surface; this increases survivability in the water-limited environment of semiarid areas.     

钙过量对茶树新梢品质成分及根系生长的动态影响

以平阳特早一年生茶树幼苗为试验材料,设置90、150、210、270 mg/L Ca2+浓度进行钙过量水培培养,研究其对茶树幼苗、新梢主要品质成分的动态影响,同时测定了根系形态的动态变化.结果表明,钙过量处理前2周,茶多酚含量在较低钙过量(90、150 mg/L)条件下增加,这可能是茶多酚作为抗氧化剂对钙过量胁迫的抗性;氨基酸含量从第三周开始表现出下降,且随着处理时间的增加,下降幅度越大;咖啡碱含量处理第一周即出现下降,随着处理时间的增加,下降幅度增大.钙过量对根系的伤害主要表现在根尖数减少和较高Ca2+浓度(210、270 mg/L)条件下,根系表面会附着一层白色黏膜抑制新根的生长.钙过量处理可直接造成茶树根系吸收根的衰亡,进而逐步影响到茶树新梢品质成分的合成.     

基于形态参数的水稻根系三维建模及可视化

构建基于形态特征参数的水稻根系几何模型,实现不同生长条件下水稻根系生长动态的三维可视化。本文通过分析水稻根尖生长随生育进程的变化模式,构建了水稻单根三维显示模型,包括根节点初始位置和生长方向的确定以及根轴的空间模拟等;进一步结合水稻根系拓扑结构,以生长度日（GDD）为驱动因子,建立了水稻根系三维重构模型,包括不定根初始发生时间和位置、不定根初始伸展角度、不定根伸长速率、不定根空间分布模型等;然后在Visual C++环境下,结合可视化显示模块、场景控制模块、人机交互界面和数据库模块等,研制了水稻根系三维可     

滇黄芩毛状根的诱导及其黄芩苷含量测定

本文利用发根农杆菌A grobacterizum rhizogenes1.2556感染滇黄芩再生苗的茎段和叶片,建立了毛状根培养及其植株再生体系。毛状根可直接从受伤的茎、叶外植体表面产生,在无外源激素的MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长,表现出典型的发根特征。毛状根茎段的诱导率较叶片高,最高可达到14.44%;经rolB基因PCR分析和甘露碱纸电泳检测,证明Ri质粒T-DNA已整合到滇黄芩基因组中并表达;毛状根在附加6-BA2mg/L和NAA0.2mg/L的MS固体培养基上直接诱导不定芽,并在MS培养基上生根,形成再生植株。获得的毛状根系经MS液体培养基培养30d后通过HPLC都能检测到黄芩苷,其中1个转化系黄芩苷含量为2.59%,是药材黄芩的0.20倍,而从3年单位时间黄芩苷生成量计算,毛状根是药材黄芩的7.18倍。本研究建立的毛状根培养体系,将对滇黄芩转基因技术的完善和利用毛状根生产黄芩苷的生物转化提供了实验基础。     

Negligible contribution from roots to soil-borne phospholipid fatty acid fungal biomarkers 18:2ω6,9 and 18:1ω9

The phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers 18:1ω9, 18:2ω6,9 and 18:3ω3,6,9 are commonly used as fungal biomarkers in soils. They have, however, also been found to occur in plant tissues, such as roots. Thus, the use of these PLFAs as fungal biomarkers in sieved soil, which may still contain small remains of roots, has been questioned. We used data from a recent beech tree girdling experiment to calculate the contribution of roots to these biomarkers and were able to demonstrate that not more than 0.61% of 18:1ω9 and 18:2ω6,9 in sieved soil samples originated from roots (but 4% of 18:3ω3,6,9). Additionally, the abundance of the biomarker 18:2ω6,9 in the soil was found to be highly correlated to ectomycorrhizal root colonization, which further corroborates its fungal origin. PLFA biomarkers were substantially reduced in vital roots from girdled trees compared to roots of control trees (by up to 76%), indicating that the major part of PLFAs measured in roots may actually originate from ectomycorrhizal fungi growing inside the roots. We calculated, that even a near to 50% reduction in fine root biomass - as observed in the girdling treatment - accounted for only 0.8% of the measured decrease of 18:2ω6,9. Our results demonstrate that both 18:1ω9 and 18:2ω6,9 are suitable biomarkers for detecting fungal dynamics in soils and that especially 18:2ω6,9 is a reliable biomarker to study mycorrhizal dynamics in beech forests.     

Dominant effects of litter substrate quality on the difference between leaf and root decomposition process above- and belowground

Initial decomposition rates, changes in organic chemical components (acid-insoluble fraction, holocellulose, polyphenols, soluble carbohydrates) and nutrient dynamics (K, Mg, Ca, P, N) were examined for fine roots and leaves of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Litterbag experiments designed to evaluate the relative effects of litter type and position of litter supply in the soil were carried out, considering that root and leaf litter typically occupy different locations and have different substrate qualities. Litterbags of roots and leaves were placed at two positions (on the soil surface and in the humus layer), and collected every 3 months over one year. The mass loss rate and N release were slower during root decomposition in the humus layer than during leaf decomposition on the soil surface. These differences between root and leaf decomposition were mainly caused by the litter type, and the effect of the position on decomposition was relatively small. Root litter was less influenced by position related effects, such as differences in humidity, than leaf litter, and this recalcitrant trait to environmental effects may be responsible for the slower mass loss rate and N release in root decomposition. The results of the present study suggest that fine roots are persistent in the soil and serve an important role in N retention in forest ecosystems because of their litter substrate quality.     

福建省基层农村电子政务发展问题研究

福建省农村基层电子政务建设是福建农村经济发展的一个重要内容,针对在建设和发展过程中面临各方面因素的制约,总结了福建省基层电子政务建设的经验,并提出了发展对策。     

Interaction Between Plant Roots and Soil Water Flow in Response to Preferential Flow Paths in Northern China

Preferential flow is expected to provide preferential channels for plant root growth and variations in soil water flow, but few studies were conducted to imply the impacts of these changes, particularly for preferential flow in stony soils. This study aimed to characterize soil water flow and plant root distribution in response to preferential flow paths and quantitatively describe the relation between plant root distribution and soil water flow. Field dye‐tracing experiments centered on experimental plants were conducted to determine the root length density and soil water flow process. Laboratory analyses were performed to characterize changes in the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent and the degree of interaction between plant roots and soil water flow. The amount of fine plant roots with preferential flow paths decreased with increasing soil depth for all experimental plots. The largest plant roots were recorded in the upper soil layers to a depth of 20 cm. The relative concentration of the accumulated effluent increased with time and decreased with soil depth under saturated soil conditions, whereas a distinct early turning point for the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent was observed in the 0–20‐cm soil columns, and the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent initially decreased and then increased with time under unsaturated soil conditions. This study provides quantitative information with which to characterize the interaction between plant roots and soil water flow in response to preferential flow paths in soil–plant–water systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

临丰116旱地覆膜栽培的抗旱增产原因分析

在旱地覆膜栽培条件下，临丰116具有良好的苗型结构和产量结构，抗旱节水优势强，叶片功能期长，耐高温，抗干热风，根穗比值大，抗倒伏，不早衰，穗大，粒重，产量高。该品种是旱地覆膜栽培较理想的配套品种。同时探讨了覆膜栽培配套品种的育种目标。