草甘膦对麦田休闲期难除杂草大蓟的防除

大蓟是晋南麦区难以治理的恶性杂草。选用灭生性除草剂草甘膦可有效作用于植物地上及地下部分,对大蓟株防效达到96.8%,总防效达到84.35%,优于对照药剂。生产上建议用草甘膦对麦田休闲期大蓟等恶性杂草进行有效治理。     

A field assessment of the role of selective herbicides in the restoration of British moorland dominated by Molinia

Upland heather moors are high priority biotopes for conservation in Britain, but are under threat from a number of sources. One such threat is a change from a vegetation dominated by dwarf shrubs, mainly Calluna vulgaris, to a grassland dominated by Molinia caerulea. Restoration of a dwarf shrub community has proved problematic with studies showing that herbicide use may be necessary to control Molinia. Previously the non-selective herbicide, glyphosate, has been recommended, but this herbicide may damage Calluna and other moorland species severely. Here, we tested a range of selective herbicides (graminicides) for use in an herbicide-based conservation strategy under field conditions. Two selective herbicides, propaquizafop and quizalofop-ethyl, gave a short-term check to Molinia and another, cycloxydim, provided a reduction for at least 1 year, but this effect disappeared after 3 years. Damage to Calluna was less than that caused by glyphosate, and the selective herbicides had little effect on other moorland species present. Our findings suggest that selective herbicides have a potential role in reducing Molinia during moorland restoration, although follow-up applications, and appropriate moorland management, will also be needed.     

除草剂草甘膦在几种土壤和矿物上的吸附研究

通过批平衡实验考察了草甘膦在几种性质不同土壤和矿物上的吸附行为。研究发现土壤对草甘膦有较强的吸附能力，草甘膦在土壤上吸附量的大小与土壤理化性质密切相关。草甘膦在土壤和矿物上的吸附符合Freundlich吸附方程，其在土壤上的吸附常数K与土壤粘粒含量呈正相关，并随土壤氧化铁和氧化铝含量增加而增加，而与土壤的pH呈显著负相关。草甘膦在高岭石上的吸附量要比在蒙脱石上大，而草甘膦在金属离子饱和的蒙脱石和高岭石上的吸附研究结果表明，草甘膦在钠、钙、铁离子饱和的矿物上的吸附能力依次为Fe-蒙脱石〉Ca-蒙脱石〉Na-蒙脱石和Fe-高岭石〉Ca-高岭石〉Na-高岭石。     

Herbicide effects on soil arthropod dynamics and wheat straw decomposition in a North Carolina no-tillage agroecosystem

Summary Herbicide combinations of paraquat, glyphosate, alachlor, linuron, fluazifopbutyl, aciflurofen, and bentazon were investigated for their impact on soil arthropod population dynamics and surface wheat straw decomposition (weight loss) within a North Carolina coastal plain agroecosystem. Herbicides were applied twice (preemergence and mid-bloom) at recommended field rates to soybeans no-till planted into wheat residue. Separate measurements were made for surface crop residue and soil-dwelling (0–3 cm depth) arthropods. Decomposition of herbicide (glyphosate) and nonherbicide-treated wheat straw residue was compared using mesh bag techniques. Decay rate constants were estimated for glyphosate and nonherbicide-treated wheat straw residue by fitting a two-component model to the data. Comparison of soil microarthropod numbers from herbicide and nonherbicide treatments showed no consistent trend, suggesting that abiotic factors such as soil temperature and moisture were probably more significant than herbicide effects in regulating soil microarthropod number and activity. Herbicides had no effect on soil macroarthropod number or activity until late in the season when macroarthropods were most abundant under weedy, no-tillage conditions. Moist soil and litter, low soil temperature, floral diversity, and high weed-seed availability probably enhanced macroarthropod numbers in nonherbicide treatments. Decomposition (ash-free weight loss) of nonherbicided, surface crop residues was more rapid than herbicide (glyphosate) treated, indicating that herbicide effects occur at the decomposer as well as producer level of agroecosystems.Paper No. 9957 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695-7601, USA     

免耕播种紫花苜蓿更新割草地的效果

用草甘膦清除割草地中扁穗雀等杂草后免耕播种与常规耕耙后播各紫花苜蓿的效果及效益比较分析，认为前者比后者成本低，效果好，前者观测结果极其与后者的比例为，播种牧草上对重量８０．８０％，高３．６倍，紫花苜蓿优势度６９．８３％，高３．１倍，植被率９７．１０％，高１．４倍，地面处理及播种所需成本为２４０元／ｈｍ＾２低３．１倍。     

草甘膦铵盐可溶性粒剂防除柑桔园杂草药效试验

针对南方果园杂草进行了75.7%草甘膦铵盐SG一年大田药效实验。75.7%草甘膦铵盐SG(Glyphosate)是由浙江龙游绿得农药化工有限公司研发和生产。试验于2005年7月在华南农业大学柑橘园进行,采用每公顷有效用量分别为1135.5、1704.0、2271.0、3406.5g(ai)的4个处理,对照药剂75.7%飞达草甘膦SG(市售)处理为1704.0g(ai)/hm2,另设空白对照,共六个处理,每个处理4个重复。小区面积30m2,试验采用随机区组。试验结果表明:各个处理杂草防效均达到97%以上,并且在试验所选用的4个剂量中,以处理药剂为3406.5g(ai)/hm2时除草效果最好;药后15d即达到杀草高峰;灭草谱广,75.7%草甘膦铵盐SG能够迅速有效地灭除禾本科、菊科、苋科中绝大部分杂草,仅发现对鸭跖草和火炭母效果不理想;试验期间柑桔生长正常。     

草甘膦除草剂在幼林地除草试验初报

应用 10 %草甘膦水剂进行杉阔混交幼林地除草试验表明 :除草效果在一定程度上随着草甘膦浓度的增大而提高 ,一般 6 6 7m2 施用 10 %草甘膦 1 5kg便可达到除草目的 ;草甘膦对白茅、山麻及大部分禾本科杂草有较好的杀除作用 ,对小刚竹、白背叶、多年生灌木杀除效果不很明显     

转基因抗草甘膦油菜的实用PCR检测方法

 利用定性PCR技术 ,建立了检测孟山都公司培育的转基因抗草甘膦油菜中的epsps、gox和fmv35s的方法 ,同时设立了阳性内对照napin。该方法的检测灵敏度为 0 .0 5 %。利用复合PCR可以在一个PCR反应中同时检测出epsps、gox、fmv35s和napin基因。这种方法可以有效地用于转基因抗草甘膦油菜中的外源基因的检测。     

Broadleaved weed control in wide-row soybean (Glycine max) using conventional and glyphosate herbicide programmes

A field study was conducted in 2001 and 2002 at Blackville, SC, to evaluate broadleaved weed control and economics of conventional and glyphosate-containing herbicide programmes in glyphosate-resistant soybean planted in 97-cm-wide rows. Treatments included chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone or chlorimuron plus metribuzin applied pre-emergence followed by post-emergence applications of lactofen or glyphosate 4 wk after soybean emergence (WAE). Other treatments were glyphosate applied 4 WAE, sequential applications of low dose glyphosate applied 2 and 4 WAE, and a non-treated control. Pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate, controlled Ipomoea lacunosa L. 8 WAE. I. hederacea var. integriuscula Gray control with pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate was 100% with similar control from chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone followed by lactofen, whereas control following the single glyphosate application was 84%. Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. control 9 WAE was 100% following single or sequential glyphosate applications, while control ranged from 76% to 96% with pre-emergence herbicides followed by lactofen. However, early season weed interference when a single application of glyphosate was delayed until 4 WAE reduced soybean yields an average of 389 kg/ha compared to pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate. Based on mean contrasts, pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate had greater gross profit margins than a single glyphosate application alone, but were similar to sequential glyphosate applications. Gross profit margins from pre-emergence herbicides followed by lactofen were not different from glyphosate alone.     

抗草甘膦野生大豆筛选及其抗性生理机制研究（英文）

[目的]初步确定抗草甘膦野生大豆抗性产生的生理机制,为抗草甘膦大豆育种奠定基础。[方法]利用田间试验对67份野生大豆材料进行草甘膦抗性筛选;并以抗性材料ZYD0685和敏感材料ZYD0790进行生理指标研究。[结果]在草甘膦有效剂量为1.23 kg/hm2条件下,不同野生大豆对草甘膦抗性存在明显差异,其中ZYD0685和ZYD2405的存活率最高,分别为87%和83%;7份材料的存活率为2.7%~38%;58份材料死亡。在草甘膦不同剂量处理下,抗性材料ZYD0685叶绿素和莽草酸含量没有明显变化,GSTs活性明显增加;而敏感材料ZYD0790莽草酸含量明显升高,叶绿素含量明显降低,GSTs活性变化幅度较小。[结论]降低莽草酸积累量较少是野生大豆抗草甘膦的主要生理反应。