Assessment of genetic diversity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)

AFLP technique was applied to assess genetic diversity among 44 common bean accessions that included 6 exotic accessions, 15 Indian land races and 23 released varieties. Eight AFLP primer pairs were used that produced 820 products of which 698 were polymorphic (85.12%). Wide variations were observed among all the accessions for the number of amplification products, percent polymorphism and average polymorphism information content (PIC). The Jaccard's similarity indices (J) based on the AFLP profiles were subjected to UPGMA cluster analysis. The dendrogram generated revealed seven major groups. Seventeen out of 23 released varieties were restricted to clusters VI and VII. The value of r = 0.934 in Mantel's test for cophenetic corrlelation applied to the cluster analysis indicated the high fitness of the accessions to a group. The germplasm used in the present study had narrow genetic base, although moderate to high genetic diversity was observed. The details of diversity analysis and the potential use of Indian common bean accessions in common bean breeding programme are provided in the present study.     

Comparison of the use of morphological,protein and DNA markers in the genetic characterization of Iranian wild Prunus species

In this study, the genetic diversity of four Iranian wild Prunus species including Prunus eleagnifolia, Prunus hauskenchtii, Prunus scoparia and Prunus lycioides were investigated using morphological, protein and DNA markers. DNA markers included nuclear and chloroplast SSRs and self-incompatibility (S) allele amplification. At the morphological level, leaf width showed significant differences between the four wild Prunus species. Concerning fruit and kernel characters, their values are relatively similar indicating the high degree of homoplasy described in Prunus. Nuclear SSR markers have been the most abundant markers with a higher polymorphism in comparison with morphological, protein and chloroplast SSR markers. Results also indicated the high variability present in the S locus. On the other hand, the correlation between the clustering based on DNA markers and protein were in general low. Dendogram performed using nuclear and chloroplast SSR indicated a more diffuse clustering between the wild almond species probably due to the natural introgression of genes observed in these wild almond species. Data from the analysis of the total protein seems to be more accurate to establish taxonomy relationships in these very close wild species.     

Analysis of genetic diversity in Portuguese Ceratonia siliqua L. cultivars using RAPD and AFLP markers

Although carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is of great economic importance little is still known about the pattern of genetic variation within this species. Morphological characteristics based on 31 fruit and seeds of continuous characters determinant for agro-industrial uses, were compared with RAPD and AFLP markers for assessing genetic distances in 68 accessions of carob trees, from different cultivars, varieties and eco-geographic regions of Algarve. Eighteen selected RAPD primers applied to the 68 accessions produced a total of 235 fragments ranging from 200 to 2000 bp, of which 93 (40%) were polymorphic. Four AFLP selective primer combinations generated a total of 346 amplification fragments of which 110 were polymorphic. The average level of polymorphism based on four primer combinations was 31.8%. The phenetic trees based on RAPD and AFLP analyses gave high co-phenetic correlation values, and were found to be consistent in general with the analysis of morphological data, carried out on the same accessions. A number of RAPD and AFLP markers were found to be diagnostic for ‘Canela’ cultivar and 13 wild ungrafted trees.     

Genetic diversity and relationships of lotus (Nelumbo) cultivars based on allozyme and ISSR markers

Genetic diversity and genetic relationships of lotus (Nelumbo Adanson) cultivars were evaluated using allozyme and ISSR markers. The samples used covered 11 accessions of possible hybrids between Nelumbo nucifera and Nelumbo lutea and 92 accessions of N. nucifera including 69 flower lotus, 13 rhizome lotus, 5 seed lotus and 5 wild lotus. For allozyme studies, a total of 31 alleles at 23 loci of 18 enzyme systems were detected of which 5 (21.7%) loci Aat, Idh, Mdh-2, Pgd, Sod were polymorphic. The loci of Aat and Idh included two alleles, Mdh-2, Pgd and Sod included three alleles. Eighteen genotypes were detected with the 13 alleles of the 5 polymorphic loci. The parameters of average allele number, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and Shannon information index of 92 N. nucifera samples were 1.35 ± 0.71, 0.06 ± 0.21, 0.05 ± 0.14, 0.10 ± 023, respectively. Thirteen ISSR primers generated 93 loci, of which 37.63% were polymorphic across all samples. The percentage of polymorphic loci, average allele number, expected heterozygosity and Shannon information index of 92 N. nucifera samples were 26.67%, 1.30 ± 0.46, 0.10 ± 0.18 and 0.15 ± 0.25, respectively for the ISSR data. The ‘Bottleneck effect’ and rapid propagation of clones after the ice ages may explain the low genetic diversity of lotus. The dendrograms based on ISSR and allozymes were not congruent. Based on the ISSR data, the 103 samples were divided into the N. nucifera group (Group I), and the group containing inter-specific hybrids between N. nucifera and N. lutea (Group II). The flower lotus, rhizome lotus, and seed lotus each has multiple sources of origin. Plant size, a criterion commonly used in the classification of cultivars of lotus, is not correlated with genetic variation. Flower color is correlated with the cultivar classification to some degree, but its variation is complex in the hybrids.     

甘蓝类蔬菜亲缘关系的RAPD初步分析

利用RAPD标记从DNA水平上对30份甘蓝类蔬菜材料进行亲缘关系和遗传多样性分析,从100对引物中选出10对扩增效果较好的引物,用其扩增出90条带,其中多态条带72条,多态率为80.0 %。对RAPD结果进行UPGMA分析,结果表明,在相似系数0.85处可以清楚的将它们划分为6组,并且从分子生物学的角度分析了它们之间的亲缘关系。     

川渝地区野生鹅观草种质资源形态多样性研究

对采自四川及重庆地区不同采集地的26份鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji Ohwi)材料的24个形态学性状进行了观察分析.结果表明:该物种在形态学上具有丰富的遗传多样性(H′=1.955).遗传多样性指数分析表明,遗传多样性主要集中在材料内(64.48%),材料间的遗传变异为35.52%.从单份材料上看,鄷都新城材料具有最高的遗传多样性(H′=1.382).聚类分析将26份材料分为4类,聚类结果与其地理分布和采集生境存在一定的关系.主成分分析表明:穗节节间长、第2颖长、外稃芒长、花序长、旗叶宽、外稃宽和小穗小花数7个性状是解释川渝地区野生鹅观草多样性的重要性状,支持聚类结果.还探讨了鹅观草的保护及其利用.     

杨梅雌、雄种质遗传关系的RAPD和ISSR分析

为获得与主栽的杨梅品种遗传基础相近的杨梅雄株,文章采用了22个多态的RAPD引物和7个多态的ISSR引物,对浙江杨梅的栽培品种东魁、荸荠种、晚稻杨梅、丁岙梅和早色等10个雌株与17个雄株种质资源间的遗传关系进行了研究。结果表明,不同杨梅产地收集的这17个杨梅雄株种质资源中,雄株与品种间的遗传关系呈规律性,即同一产区的地方品种与当地的雄株间遗传相似程度最高,而同一地区不同雄株与当地主栽品种间的遗传相似程度也有不同。通过UPGMA法进行聚类分析,上述5个杨梅主栽品种分别获得了与其亲缘关系相对接近的雄株,成对遗传相似系数最高为0.958,最低为0.878。     

桃分子连锁图谱的构建

为建立桃的高质量遗传图谱,进一步研究桃的遗传标记,获得与桃农艺性状紧密连锁的分子标记以及更多更可靠的数量性状标记(QTLs)打下基础并提供保障,以油桃品种秦光2号和曙光的91株正交F1代为试材,用Join-Map3.0软件的CP作图模型构建了桃的AFLP分子标记遗传连锁图谱。该图谱覆盖桃基因组1034cM,共计122个AFLP标记和2个质量性状标记(核黏离性状Ff和果肉颜色性状Yy)定位于11个连锁群上,连锁群的平均长度为94cM,每个连锁群包含2～23个标记,标记间平均距离为8.34cM。     

普通核桃(Juglans regia)3个群体遗传结构的SSR分析

以新疆伊犁野核桃、喀什实生核桃及部分栽培品种共80份种质材料为试材,利用来自黑核桃的7对SSR引物进行群体遗传结构分析。结果显示,7对引物多态性带比率为92.3%～100%,均具有较高的多态性;伊犁野核桃、喀什实生核桃及栽培品种3个群体的期望杂合度分别为0.2325、0.3085、0.305,香农系数分别为0.3361、0.4669、0.4646,多态性带百分率分别为56.52、95.83、86.84%,表明3个核桃群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平,3个指标均显示喀什群体的最高、伊犁的最低;从3个群体中随机选出10个株系或品种进行聚类分析,所有参试株系或品种相互交叉,说明伊犁野核桃、喀什实生核桃和栽培品种之间存在基因渗透和交流(基因流Nm=2.0934);讨论了伊犁野核桃、喀什实生核桃和栽培品种的亲缘演化关系,研究结果为"我国是世界栽培核桃的起源中心之一"的论断进一步提供了分子证据。     

果树中基因枪法遗传转化的研究进展

目前,应用于果树遗传转化的方法主要有农杆菌介导法和DNA直接导入法。介绍了DNA直接导入法中基因枪转化技术的原理、类型和基因枪的轰击参数、受体材料、基因型、轰击前后的培养条件等对其遗传转化频率的影响,并系统地概述了基因枪法在选择标记基因、报告基因、改良果树性状相关基因、启动子及多基因遗传转化中的应用研究进展,同时对果树基因枪转化研究中存在的问题及应用前景进行了讨论。