种子引发对碱胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为研究碱胁迫下种子引发对萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以甜高粱杂交种‘通甜1号’为试验材料,利用500 μmol/L γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对种子进行引发处理。采用盆栽土培试验,将NaHCO₃:Na₂CO₃=5:1的混合碱胁迫液设3个水平(0、50、100 mmol/L)模拟碱胁迫,研究GABA种子引发处理对碱胁迫下高粱种子萌发状况及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着碱胁迫强度增加,无论是经过引发处理的种子还是未经过引发处理的种子,其吸水量、萌发指数、出苗率和成苗率显著下降,幼苗生长受到限制,生物量积累降低。同等碱胁迫浓度下,经过引发处理的种子与未经过引发处理的种子相比,种子吸水量、萌发指数、胚的生长及幼苗叶面积均显著提高。低浓度碱胁迫条件下,经过引发处理的种子与未经过引发处理的种子相比,幼苗的出苗率和存活率较高、生长至第7天的株高和茎粗及总生物量均显著增加。试验表明,经过引发处理的种子可以不同程度地提高碱胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发指数,缓解碱胁迫对幼苗的不利条件,促进幼苗生长,提高耐碱性。     

γ-氨基丁酸代谢旁路阻断对苏云金芽胞杆菌芽胞形成和晶体蛋白产量的影响

γ-氨基丁酸旁路(GABA shunt)普遍存在于原核和真核生物体中,对于动物、植物和微生物具有不同的生理功能.苏云金芽胞杆菌gab基因簇中gabT和gabD基因所编码的γ-氨基丁酸转氨酶和琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶参与GABA shunt.在前期研究获得的苏云金芽胞杆菌HD-73菌株gabT、gabR(gab基因簇中的调控基因)和gabD基因缺失突变菌株的基础上,从菌株生长、芽胞产量和晶体蛋白产量等方面研究GABA shunt阻断对Bt芽胞和晶体形成的影响.结果表明,GABA shunt阻断对芽胞产量有一定影响,但对Bt生长和晶体蛋白产量无明显影响     

以RNA干扰γ-氨基丁酸转氨酶1基因(OsGABA-T1)表达提高稻米γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量

γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)是一种四碳非蛋白质氨基酸, 具有降血压等功能。为提高稻米中GABA含量, 利用RNA干扰技术, 构建水稻中GABA代谢关键酶GABA转氨酶1基因(OsGABA-T1)的干扰载体, 通过农杆菌介导法, 将其转化至粳稻品种宁粳1号中。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明导入的RNA干扰结构成功地降低了目的基因OsGABA-T1的表达, 且干扰家系中OsGABA-T2基因表达也随之下降。对转基因T₃代稻米GABA含量测定发现, 糙米中GABA含量相对于对照增加了13倍以上, 精米中GABA含量也显著增加, 而其他主要氨基酸含量则没有明显变化。测定储藏4个月的转基因稻米发现, GABA含量仍具有较高水平。所以, 利用RNA干扰技术可有效提高稻米γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量, 为培育富含GABA的降血压功能性水稻品种提供基础。     

The influence of fig proteases on the inhibition of angiotensin I‐converting and GABA formation in meat

The purposes of this research were to use fig protease for texture tenderizing, and to inhibit angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) action and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) formation of meat. Liberated peptides by the enzymatic action of fig protease in processing meat and free amino acids were determined and ACE inhibitory activity was assayed. Meat treated with fig protease became tender as indicated by shear force value (SFV) which was half of those of non‐fig treated meat during storage even at 5°C. Liberated peptides, free amino acids and GABA increased while extremely low levels of Glu were detected after storage. The optimal temperature of fig protease against meat was 80°C. However, the activity of fig protease decreased after pre‐heating more than 40°C. High ACE inhibitory activity of a mixture of fig and meat was found around 80°C, and the value corresponded to the amount of liberated peptide. A lot of liberated peptides were found at 60–80°C and pasterization of meat product becomes convenient to produce peptides. Production of ACE inhibitory peptides and GABA can be expected as the healthy functional meat product such as antihypertensive activity and improve brain function.     

γ-氨基丁酸对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下甜瓜幼苗耐性的影响

【目的】探讨Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的浓度效应,为科学合理地应用GABA、提高其综合效益提供理论依据。【方法】选择盐敏感的甜瓜品种“一品天下208”为试验材料,采用1/2山崎甜瓜营养液水培法,设营养液内含80 mmol/L Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫条件下每天叶面喷施0,10,25,50和75 mmol/L GABA及胁迫前48 h预先叶面喷施25和50 mmol/L GABA 7个处理,以营养液栽培为对照(CK),比较各处理对甜瓜幼苗生长和生理指标的影响。【结果】Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,甜瓜叶片光合色素、脯氨酸（Pro）和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著升高,幼苗叶面积、干鲜质量、根体积、根表面积、总根长、根尖数和可溶性蛋白（Pr）含量显著降低,甜瓜幼苗的生长受到显著抑制。Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,甜瓜叶片光合色素、Pro和MDA含量随着外源GABA浓度的增加先降低后升高,并且在50 mmol/L 时达到最小值;Pr含量随外源喷施GABA浓度的增加而先升高后降低,在50 mmol/L时达到最大值;外源喷施50 mmol/L GABA处理与单纯Ca(NO₃)₂处理相比,可明显增加幼苗叶面积、干鲜质量、根体积、根表面积、总根长和根尖数,缓解Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫对甜瓜幼苗生长的抑制。另外,相同GABA浓度相比,Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫后喷施较胁迫前预喷施效果好。【结论】叶面喷施50 mmol/L GABA有利于提高幼苗对Ca(NO₃)₂盐胁迫逆境的适应能力。     

Melatonin treatment induces chilling tolerance by regulating the contents of polyamine, γ-aminobutyric acid,and proline in cucumber fruit

The mechanism of melatonin (MT) induced chilling tolerance in harvested cucumber fruit was investigated at commercial maturity. In this study, cucumber fruits were treated with 100 µmol L^–1 MT at 4°C and 90% relative humidity for 15 d of storage. In comparison with the control, cucumber treatment with MT resulted in reduced chilling injury (CI), decreased electrolyte leakage and enhanced firmness. The fruits treated with MT showed higher chlorophyll contents in storage conditions with suppressed chlorophyllase enzyme activity. MT treatment increased arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzyme activities. Moreover, enhanced expression of the Cucumis sativus ADC (CsADC) and C. sativus ODC (CsODC) genes resulted in the accumulation of polyamine contents. Similarly, proline levels exhibited higher levels among treated fruits. Meanwhile, the proline synthesizing enzymes △¹-pyrroline-5-carboxylate syntheses (P5CS) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) were significantly increased, while a catabolic enzyme of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was inhibited by treatment. In addition, MT induced expression of C. sativus OAT (CsOAT) and C. sativus P5CS (CsP5CS) genes. Cucumber fruits treated with MT also exhibited higher γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content by enhanced GABA transaminase (GABA-T) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme activities and a higher C. sativus GAD (CsGAD) gene expression. To sum up, the results show that MT treatment enhanced chilling tolerance, which was associated with the regulation of polyamines, as well as proline and γ-aminobutyric acid.     

淹水胁迫下γ-氨基丁酸对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理代谢的影响

在淹水胁迫下,研究了γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对黄瓜幼苗生长、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:淹水胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长受到抑制,叶片可溶性蛋白质含量降低,但可溶性糖含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性、O-2.产生速率和MDA含量显著增加。在半淹水胁迫下,外源添加GABA处理通过提高叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量和SOD、POD、CAT的活性,降低O-2.产生速率和MDA含量,增强了黄瓜幼苗对淹水胁迫的抗性;而在全淹水胁迫下,外源GABA处理后幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性显著降低,而O-2.产生速率和MDA含量显著提高,加重了淹水胁迫对植株的伤害,表明不同淹水程度下GABA处理效果存在显著差异。     

γ-氨基丁酸对哺乳母猪生产性能及血清激素水平的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平γ-嗡基丁酸(GABA)对哺乳母猪生产性能、激素水平的影响及其量效关系.选取经产大白母猪40头,采用单因子试验设计,按GABA添加水平(0、25、50、100、150 mg/kg)设对照组和试验组共5个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪,试验期21 d.结果表明,GABA在促进母猪摄食方面效果明显,对减少体重损失、缩短断奶-发情间隔及促进仔猪生长也有一定效果.其作用程度与日粮添加剂量和哺乳阶段均密切相关,低添加水平范围作用更为明显,且随着试验时间的延长,作用呈增强趋势.就促采食作用而言,50 mg/kg GABA的效果要优于其他水平,该组母猪不仅在分娩后第1周(P<0.01)、第2周(P<0.10)和第3周(P<0.10),而且在整个试验期(P<0.01)都明显高于对照组.从相关激素看,与对照组相比,50 mg/kg GABA组母猪分娩后第1周血清瘦素含量显著降低(P<0.05),第2周、第3周血清神经肽Y(NPY)含量显著升高(P<0.01、P<0.05).50 mg/kg GABA组在分娩时(P<0.10)与分娩后第2周(P<0.05)血清生长激素(GH)含量也明显高于对照组.由此可见,日粮中添加GABA对改善哺乳母猪生产性能具有一定作用,摄食调节作用主要通过影响血液中NPY和瘦素含量实现,效果与添加水平和哺乳阶段密切相关,以50 mg/kg GABA作用为佳.     

Use of GABA to enhance rotifer reproduction in enrichment culture

Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to enhance the reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Muller in stressful culture conditions. During the enrichment of rotifers for feeding to marine fish larvae, they are usually stressed as a result of exposure to different marine oils and high population densities. This typically results in decreased rotifer survival, reproduction and swimming activity. In the present study, we used GABA to increase rotifer reproduction and the swimming activity of rotifers in enrichment cultures. GABA treatment 24 h before high density enrichment enhanced reproduction during enrichment culture, but not when carried out simultaneously with enrichment. Swimming activity was not significantly affected by GABA treatment 24 h before or simultaneously with nutrient enrichment.