Extent and Pattern of Genetic Diversity for Morpho-agronomic Traits in Ethiopian Highland Pulse Landraces: I. Field Pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> L.)

An experiment was conducted in 2001 at Holetta and Kulumsa, Ethiopia, to study the extent and pattern of genetic diversity in Ethiopian field pea (Pisum sativum L.) landraces. One hundred forty-eight germplasm accessions were grown in an alpha lattice design with 2 replications. Data on 12 traits were collected and analyzed. Differences among the accessions were significant for most of the traits (except number of seeds/ pod) at each location even though differences pooled over location were mostly non-significant. The accessions were grouped into five clusters of different sizes. Accessions from the southern part of the country (Arsi) distributed overall clusters while those from the northern half (North and South Wello, North Gonder and North Shewa) fell into clusters C₁ to C₃. Cumulative effects of a number of characters dictated differentiation of the accessions into clusters. There was no definite relationship between geographic diversity and genetic diversity as overlapping was encountered in clustering pattern among accessions from different parts of the country. Accessions from different regions might have similar genetic background and those from the same origin might also have different genetic background. Therefore, geographic diversity should not necessarily be used as an index of genetic diversity and parental selection should be based on a systematic study of genetic diversity in a specific population. Genetic distances among most of the clusters were significant that crosses between parents selected out of them are expected to generate desirable genetic recombination. Selection should also consider the special advantages of each cluster and each accession within a cluster. Future germplasm collection, conservation and breeding efforts should focus not only on inter-regional diversity but also on intra-regional diversity.     

Effects of Inoculation of Phototrophic Purple Bacteria on Grain Yield of Rice and Nitrogenase Activity of Paddy Soil in a Pot Experiment

Phototrophic purple bacteria (PPB) are one group of dinitrogen (N₂)-fixing bacteria often found in the anoxic and photic zone of paddy soil. In the present study, the effects of inoculation of PPB on grain yield of rice and changes in their populations and nitrogenase activity were investigated with and without surface application of rice straw in a pot experiment. As an inoculant, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain KN122 isolated from a paddy soil was selected, and the cell suspension was inoculated into the floodwater once or three times during the cultivation. As a result, the inoculation of PPB increased the grain yield of rice. Compared to the control, the grain yield was 9% higher in the inoculated plot without rice straw application. The treatment was more effective in combination with rice straw application. In the plots where PPB were inoculated with rice straw, grain yields were 21% (single inoculation) and 29% (triple inoculation) higher. Populations of PPB in the plots without rice straw application significantly increased by the inoculation, unlike those in the plots with rice straw application, except for the bulk soil. Phototrophic and heterotrophic nitrogenase activities (acetylene-reducing activity) associated with the soils or residues of the rice straw were not affected by PPB inoculation throughout the experiment. This indicates that the inoculation of PPB into floodwater may not be effective for enhancing N₂ fixation in paddy soils and that the beneficial effect of PPB inoculation on the grain yield of rice may be due to unidentified functions of PPB other than biological N₂ fixation.     

Intersite characterization and variability of soil respiration in different arable and forest soils

Summary Soil respiration was investigated in three loamy Orthic Luvisols (two arable, one forest soil), three sandy Haplic Podzols (also two arable, one forest soil) with a modified intersite method according to Lundegardh (1924). The method allows characterization of the CO₂-flux from the soil and interpretation of the different levels with regard to temperature, nutrient and air supply. The method is sensitive to tillage and fertilization effects. In the two arable Luvisols the mean cumulative respiration rate was not uniform compared with the forest soil; in one case it was much higher and in another much lower. CO₂ evolution in the Podzol under spruce was much lower than in the two arable Podzols. In the sandy Podzols 5 replicate measurements gave adequate results, with an error probability of 10%, but in the loamy Luvisols it was necessary to use 10 replicates to specify the same degree of difference. If soil respiration is very high, immediately after fertilization with cattle slurry or dung on arable land, or after litterfall in a deciduous forest, more replicates are necessary.     

15N studies on the transfer of legume-fixed nitrogen to associated cereals in intercropping systems

Summary An attempt has been made to estimate quantitatively the amount of N fixed by legume and transferred to the cereal in association in intercropping systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) — gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) —cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.) by labelling soil and fertilizer nitrogen with ¹⁵N. The intercropped legumes have been found to fix significantly higher amounts of N as compared with legumes in sole cropping if the intercropped cereal-legume received the same dose of fertilizer N as the sole cereal crop. But when half of the dose of the fertilizer N applied to sole cereal crop was received by intercropped plants, the amount of N fixed by legumes in association with cereals was significantly less than that fixed by sole legumes. Under field conditions 28% of the total N uptake by maize (21.2 kg N ha^–1) was of atmospheric origin and was obtained by transfer of fixed N by cowpea grown in association with maize. Under greenhouse conditions gram and summer and monsoon season cowpea have been found to contribute 14%–20%, 16% and 32% of the total N uptake by associated wheat and summer and monsoon maize crops, respectively. Inoculation of cowpea seeds with Rhizobium increased both the amount of N fixed by cowpea and transferred to maize in intercropping system.     

工业型城乡交错区土壤重金属含量及其空间分异的特征-以无锡典型城乡交错区为例

Phosphorus （P） is necessary for growth and nitrogen fixation, and thus its deficiency is a major factor limiting legume production in most agricultural soils. The effect of phosphorus supply on nodule development and its role in soybeans （Glycine max L.） was studied in a nutrient solution. Plants were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and grown for 35 days in a glasshouse at a day and night temperature of 25℃ and 15℃, respectively. Although increasing P supply increased the concentrations of P and N in the shoots and roots, the external P supply did not significantly affect the P concentration in the nodules, and the N fixed per unit nodule biomass decreased with increasing P supply. The nitrogen content in the shoots correlated well with the P content （r=0.92＊＊）. At an inoculation level of 10^2 cells mL^-1, the P supply did not affect the number of nodules; however, at inoculation levels of 10^3.5 and 10^5 cells mL^-1, increasing P supply increased both the number and size of nodules. Irrespective of the inoculation level, increasing P supply increased the nodule biomass relative to the biomass of the host plant. It is suggested that the P deficiency specifically inhibited the nodule development and thereby the total N2 fixation.     

烤烟田间生长过程中叶片主要品质指数的变化

对田间状况下烤烟下、中、上3个部位叶片生长发育过程中主要品质指数的变化进行了分析。结果表明:在烤烟田间生长发育过程中,随着烟叶部位的上升,叶片中氮/碱比值表现为“V”型变化;叶片还原糖/总糖比值表现为逐渐升高的变化规律;叶片钾/氯比值表现为“∧”型变化;不同烟叶部位之间氮/碱、还原糖/总糖、钾/氯比值的差异均不显著。随着叶龄的增大,叶片氮/碱比值呈现出下降并趋于稳定的变化规律,叶片还原糖/总糖比值和叶片钾/氯比值的变化无明显规律;不同叶龄之间氮/碱比值的差异极显著,而叶片还原糖/总糖比值、叶片钾/氯比值的差异均不显著。相关分析表明,叶龄与叶片氮/碱比值之间呈极显著负相关,而与叶片还原糖/总糖比值、叶片钾/氯比值之间呈不显著正相关;烟叶中钾/氯比值与氮/碱比值、还原糖/总糖比值之间相关性不显著,还原糖/总糖比值与氮/碱比值之间相关性也不显著。     

外植体处理及接种方式对大白菜植株再生的影响

影响组织培养植株再生的因素很多 ,主要分为三类 :①植物因素 :包括植物的基因型、外植体及供体植株的生理生化状态等 ;②培养基因素 :包括培养基种类、成分以及培养方法等 ;③环境因素 ;包括培养所需的光、温、湿度和气体成分等因子。以往的试验多集中在寻找适于植株再生的激素浓度和基因型上 ,对植物的培养方法和外植体对植株再生的影响研究较少。用苹果等为材料的研究表明植株再生同子叶部位有关〔1 ,2〕,Ｓｈａｒｍａ等认为子叶在芥菜植株再生中的作用相当于类生长素物质〔3〕。本试验在前期工作基础上着重研究了外植体、接种方式和外植…     

AM真菌对草莓的接种效应研究

为了给草莓(Fragaria ananassa)菌根化育苗提供依据,以摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为接种剂,研究了在土壤灭菌和非灭菌条件下,AM真菌对草莓生长、果实品质、植株和土壤中氮、磷含量的影响。结果表明:接种AM真菌后,草莓叶片个数、根长、株高有明显提高,并且地上部分干重在灭菌和非灭菌条件下,分别提高了15.9%和2.77%;提早开花2~3 d,果实提前成熟4~5 d;果实的单果重和Vc含量明显提高,有机酸含量明显下降;组织中氮、磷含量均有提高;明显提高了土壤中碱解N、速效P的利用率。与对照组相比,土壤灭菌条件下,AM真菌对草莓的促生作用较非灭菌处理更明显。     

西瓜炭疽病人工接种鉴定的新方法──离体叶接种和AD评价法

对具有不同抗性水平的３个西瓜品种进行了离体叶人工接种炭疽病抗性鉴定方法的研究。结果表明，离体叶与幼苗人工接种同样能够真实地反映西瓜品种固有的抗病性，且能节省菌液、劳力、试材和费用，并对环境条件更易控制，简便易行，可以广泛采用。该法用注射器悬滴接种，菌液浓度为１×１０￣６孢子／ｍＬ。接种叶片的叶龄为１５～２０ｄ，接种后３ｄ开始发病，第６ｄ调查统计病情指数。品种抗病性可以用平均病斑直径（ＡＤ），（发病病斑直径）／接种总滴数］和病情指数（ＤＩ）两种标准进行评价，其中用ＡＤ进行品种抗病性评价减少病级划分中的人为误差，更为客观简便，可以取代ＤＩ在离体叶人工接种西瓜炭疽病抗性鉴定中广泛采用。     

豫西地区不同类型农田化肥增产效益及增产潜力研究

 【目的】探讨化肥在豫西地区不同地形农田的增产效益与增产潜力，为引导和实现化肥的优化配置和合理施用、提高豫西地区粮食产量提供参考依据。【方法】采用田间试验，研究了豫西地区平川地、坡平地、坡地等3种典型地形农田化肥施用量对作物产量的影响；并对3种典型农田化肥消费量与粮食产量的多年统计资料进行了分析，提出了二者之间的关系，并由此对豫西地区粮食增产潜力进行了预测。【结果】作物单产以平川地最高，坡平地次之，坡地最低。尽管在3种类型农田上使用化肥均可大幅度增加作物产量，但化肥增产效益以坡地最高，坡平地次之，平川地最低；对3种典型地形农田化肥消费量与粮食产量多年统计资料的分析也获得相同结论。根据田间试验结果对未来豫西地区粮食产量及增产潜力进行的预测表明，当采用本研究中最大施肥量时，豫西地区粮食总产量可达到4.24×109 kg，是2003年该地区粮食产量的2.1倍；并预测在增加粮食产量中，坡地贡献率占50.1%、坡平地占33.7%、平川地占16.2%，坡地和坡平地粮食生产对该地区粮食总产量具有决定作用。【结论】豫西地区3种典型地形农田中化肥增产效益存在差异，以坡地化肥增产效益最大。因此，加强坡地化肥投入，可有效地提高本区粮食总产量，对今后本区粮食的增产具有重要意义。