Supplemental effect of cholyltaurine and soybean lecithin to a soybean meal-based fish meal-free diet on hepatic and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

The supplemental effects of cholyltaurine and soybean lecithin to a defatted soybean meal (SBM)-based fish meal-free diet on the hepatic and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were investigated. A fish meal-based diet (FM), three fish meal-free diets supplemented either with soybean lecithin (SL), bovine gall powder (BG) or cholyltaurine (C-tau) and an unsupplemented fish meal-free diet (NFM), were given to fish (−11 g) for 10 weeks. The growth was the lowest in fish fed diet NFM, intermediate in fish fed diet SL and the highest in fish fed diet FM, BG and C-tau. Hepatocytes of fish fed diet NFM were atrophied, and the distal intestine of these fish showed abnormal features: disintegrated microvilli and fatty degeneration in epithelial cells and increased amount of connective tissue in the submucosa. Hepatic and intestinal histological features in fish fed diets SL, BG and C-tau were similar to those in fish fed diet FM. These results indicate that soybean lecithin, bovine bile salts and cholyltaurine have similar effects on normalizing the hepatic and intestinal morphologies of rainbow trout fed the SBM-based diet, although growth promotion effect was limited in the soybean lecithin.     

不同pH值对从羽毛粉水解液中提取磺基丙酸得率影响的研究

本研究探索了不同ｐＨ值对氧化后羽毛粉水解液中提取磺基丙酸得率的影响，结果表明：用等电点沉淀分离水解液中的磺基丙酸是可行的，当水解液ｐＨ值调到４．６～４．７时，其得率及纯度高。经过二次结晶制得了纯度为６５．０５％的磺基丙酸制剂     

Effect of casein substitution with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The effect of dietary substitution of casein with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal on the growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino was determined. A 350 g casein per kilogram diet was included into the CS diet. The whole casein was then substituted by: (1) 300 g fishmeal and 200 g soybean meal per kilogram diet (FS), (2) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g krill meal per kilogram diet (FSK), (3) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 280 g red crab meal per kilogram diet (FSC) or (4) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g shrimp head meal per kilogram diet (FSS). In addition, a 50‐g by‐product of green tea per kilogram diet was included in the FS diet to form the FSG diet. Sea tangle (ST)diet was supplied to abalone as a control feed. Weight gain, final shell length and final shell width of abalone fed with the various substitution feeds (FS, FSK, FSC, FSS and FSG) were not different from those obtained with the CS diet. All the formulated feeds, however, produced higher weight gain and final shell width values than the ST diet. The results of this study show that casein can be replaced with a combination of fishmeal, soybean meal, krill meal, crab meal and/or shrimp head meal in the diet without a retardation of growth of abalone.     

膨化大豆替代鱼粉对乌苏里貉毛皮质量的影响

选取150只健康乌苏里幼貉(Nyctereutes ussurienusis Matschie),随机分成1个对照组和4个试验组.各试验组按25%、50%、75%、100%比例用膨化大豆替代鱼粉饲料进行饲养试验,通过对针、绒毛的长度、粗细和皮板长度等反映毛皮质量各项指标的测定与分析得出:彭化大豆代替鱼粉能满足乌苏里貉冬毛生长的需要,不影响乌苏里貉毛皮质量.     

Supplemental iron and phosphorus increase dietary inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A long‐term feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the use of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) with iron and phosphorus supplements in diets for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Olive flounder with an initial average size of 28.5 ± 0.35 g (mean ± SD) were divided into 15 groups (three tanks per dietary treatment) and fed 480 g kg^?1 crude protein diets in which each of five isonitrogenous diets was formulated to contain different levels of cottonseed/soybean meal (1 : 1) to replace fish meal (FM) with iron and phosphorus supplementations. The five experimental diets were as follows: diet 1 (control), 0%CS; diet 2, 20%CS; diet 3, 30%CS; diet 4, 30%CS + Fe&P; and diet 5, 40%CS + Fe&P. After 26 weeks of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed utilization and survival among all the treatments. The total gossypol accumulation in liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was significantly lower than that of fish fed diets without supplementation of iron. The results indicate that the addition of iron in diets could prevent the absorption of free gossypol. The findings in this study suggest that dietary supplements of iron and phosphorus could increase the inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal for FM replacement in diets for marine fish species.     

鹅对菜籽粕代谢能和营养物质利用率的评定

【目的】利用套算法评定不同来源菜籽粕的鹅代谢能及营养物质利用率。【方法】选取健康、体重接近的200日龄成年公鹅30只,随机分为5组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组）,每组6个重复,每个重复1只鹅。4种菜籽粕分别由加拿大进口油菜籽及江苏省苏州市、宿迁市、盐城市本地生产的油菜籽榨油而成。采用强饲法进行代谢试验,强饲量80 g,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别以4种菜籽粕替代30%基础饲粮,试验Ⅴ组强饲基础饲料,并收集内源粪便,做内源校正。【结果】①4种菜籽粕中的总能（GE）、干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）、粗灰分（Ash）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、钙（Ca）、总磷（TP）含量的平均值分别是17.48 MJ/kg、88.95%、42.22%、2.47%、7.93%、22.42%、37.81%、0.83%和1.09%。②鹅对4种菜籽粕的表观代谢能（AME）、真代谢能（TME）平均值分别为12.27和13.05 MJ/kg,且AME、TME存在显著的组间差异（P＜0.05）;鹅对4种菜籽粕CP真利用率平均值为44.84%,对DM、EE、Ash、ADF、NDF、Ca和TP的表观利用率平均值分别为70.71%、76.48%、38.07%、43.31%、51.67%、46.09%和48.99%,其中,CP、DM、EE和NDF利用率存在显著的组间差异（P＜0.05）。【结论】菜籽粕营养成分丰富,其代谢能与豆粕、麦麸等接近;鹅对菜籽粕EE、NDF、Ca、TP利用率较高,但对CP利用率较低。鹅对不同地区菜籽粕的代谢能、CP、DM和NDF利用率有显著差异,其中,试验Ⅰ组的AME、TME高于其他3组,试验Ⅳ组的CP利用率最高。     

Micronutrient, magnesium and phosphorus effects on biomass and leaf tissue nutrient concentrations of field grown Leucaena leucocephala

To optimize biomass and crude protein (CP) production for leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) in southern Texas, field trials were conducted with treatment combinations of three levels of phosphorus (P) , two levels of Mg and two levels of soluble trace element mixture (STEM). The P was banded in the soil while the Mg and micronutrient blend were applied to the foliage. A combination of P (22 kg ha^-1), Mg and STEM fertilizers significantly increased biomass from 2555 kg ha^-1 to 3028 kg ha^-1. This treatment was associated with an increase in leaf CP from 27.9% to 31.0%. P fertilizer had no significant effect on leaf P, but significantly increased leaf nitrogen (N) and leaf copper (Cu). A foliar spray of Mg significantly increased leaf N, P, and Cu. A foliar spray of a complete micronutrient blend increased leaf Cu. Biomass production was correlated positively (decreasing order) with leaf Cu, N, and Mg and negatively with Zn. Leaf N was positively correlated with leaf P and calcium. The critical tissue concentrations (CTC) (where 90% of predicted maximum leaf protein was obtained) were 0.18% and 4.49 mg kg^-1 for leaf P and Cu, respectively. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

微波辅助硫酸水解肉骨粉的工艺条件优化

为充分利用病死动物尸体资源,以病死畜禽经高温发酵法无害化所得肉骨粉为原料,经萃取剂去除油脂后,分别在无微波和有微波辅助下经硫酸水解获得含氨基酸水解液,筛选水解最优条件,并进行最优条件下水解前后物料中大中微量植物营养元素及重金属元素的物料平衡及其在水解产物中的分布分析。结果显示：最佳萃取剂为正己烷,在固液比1∶10,油脂萃取率达100%,萃取剂回收率达97.06%;常规硫酸水解肉骨粉最佳条件为：硫酸浓度5 mol/L、固液比1∶4、温度90 ℃、水解时间7 h,此时水解液中总氮的转化率为93.42%,氨基酸态氮转化率为42.63%;微波辅助硫酸水解肉骨粉的最佳条件为：微波功率 550 W、硫酸浓度5.0 mol/L、水解时间60 min,此时水解液中总氮的转化率为90.12%,氨基酸态氮转化率为82.13%;2种工艺在最佳条件下,各元素在水解液相和固相残渣的分布差异不大,其中N、P、K、Fe、Cu、Zn元素有66%~93%分布在水解液中,Ca、Mg、Mn元素32%以上分布在残渣中,而重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cd超过58%进入水解液,但未超出相关肥料产品农业行业标准限值。结果表明,微波辅助显著提高水解液中氨基酸态氮转化率并缩短水解时间,大、中、微量植物营养元素大部分进入液相,在制作氨基酸水解液方面具有明显的优越性。