异樟不同部位精油成分的气相色谱-质谱比较分析1）

采用气相色谱—质谱（ GC/MS）联用技术和保留指数比较法分析了精油成分,以面积归一化法进行定量分析。结果表明：从异樟叶、新枝、老枝、树干、主根和侧根6个不同部位精油中分别检测出了41、51、51、41、39、39种成分;共检测出了74种物质,包括醇类、烃类、醚类、酮类、酯类、醛类及氧化物类化合物,其中醇类20种、烃类40种、醚类6种、酮类1种、酯类3种、醛类1种及氧化物类3种。它们共有成分有20种,包括7种醇类、7种烃类、3种醚类、1种酮类、1种酯类及1种氧化物类。     

石菖蒲提取物与化学农药混配对褐飞虱的防治效果

为明确石菖蒲提取物与化学农药混配对褐飞虱的防治作用,研究了石菖蒲提取物与毒死蜱、吡蚜酮和仲丁威3种化学药剂混配网室盆栽条件下的喷雾防治效果。结果表明:石菖蒲提取物与3种化学农药混配,均能达到减少化学农药用量或增加防治效果的作用。25%石菖蒲·毒死蜱乳油1 500倍处理褐飞虱的校正死亡率为93.53%,比对照毒死蜱减少了化学农药用量84.38%;25%石菖蒲·吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂1 200倍处理褐飞虱的校正死亡率为82.67%,与吡蚜酮对照化学农药用量相同,但防治效果显著提高;25%石菖蒲·仲丁威乳油600倍处理褐飞虱的校正死亡率与对照药剂仲丁威的效果接近,但化学农药用量减少了40.0%。     

精制有机肥对烤烟化学成分及香气物质含量的影响

以中烟100为试验材料,探讨了精制有机肥对豫西洛阳地区烤烟品质的影响。结果表明:精制有机肥可以协调烟株中后期生长过程的生理代谢活动,降低烤烟中、上部叶片烟碱含量,显著地提高烤烟中部叶的钾含量;可以提高烤烟香气物质含量,尤其是巨豆三烯酮、苯甲醇、苯乙醇、茄酮、新植二烯的含量,有利于提高烤烟香气品质,彰显豫西地区烤烟的品质特征。     

瑞丽柠檬园红蜘蛛消长规律及药剂防治研究

在云南省瑞丽市进行了柠檬园红蜘蛛的消长规律及药剂防治研究。结果表明:柠檬红蜘蛛主要在11月至次年1月发生,其发生量在1月中旬达到高峰(2500~3000头/株);红蜘蛛在树冠北方、南方的发生量较多;柠檬园红蜘蛛的发生和为害与温度、湿度、食料、施肥、施药等因素关系密切;在7种供试药剂中,以4%螺螨酯悬浮剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油和73%炔螨特乳油对红蜘蛛的防治效果较好,且对柠檬的嫩梢、花和幼果安全无害。     

川西獐牙菜的化学成分及药理研究进展

川西獐牙菜是龙胆科獐牙菜属的一种药用植物,是藏药中最具特色的治疗热症、肝胆病及血液病的常用药物。本文综述川西獐牙菜的化学成分、药理作用研究进展,以期为深入研究开发该植物提供科学依据。     

不同类型土壤团聚体化学稳定性分析

以4种不同类型土壤为研究对象,在室内用干筛的0.25~5 mm的团聚体以容积密度为1.40 g/cm3装填到环刀中,用5种不同浓度的氯化铵溶液分别浸润饱和24、48和72 h后,以纯水为介质采用降水头法测定土壤饱和导水率,探讨了不同类型土壤团聚体的稳定性对盐溶液的反应特征及抗化学物质的破坏能力。结果表明:土壤饱和导水率并非常数,4种供试土壤饱和导水率在不同浓度氯化铵溶液和浸泡时间处理下均呈显著变化,总体表现为盐浓度越高、浸泡时间越长,土壤饱和导水率越小,但不同类型土壤对盐溶液的响应差异显著。由此可得,在纯水中水稳性较强的土壤团聚体却不一定是化学稳定性强的,团聚体的化学稳定性随其胶结剂的类型、数量与质量不同,对土壤溶液中化学物质响应差异显著。     

Larval settlement of the silver- or goldlip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in response to natural biofilms and chemical cues

This paper presents the first laboratory study investigating larval settlement and metamorphosis of Pinctada maxima in response to both natural and artificial inducers. Natural biofilms induced larval settlement and the inductive effect appears to be closely associated with the bacteria in the biofilm. This result indicates that, in nature, bacteria may play an important role in the settlement of P. maxima larvae. Various pharmacological agents were also tested in this study and the results were generally similar to those found with other marine invertebrates, particularly molluscs. The results show that some pharmacological agents are potent artificial inducers of larval settlement for P. maxima. The findings of this study provide valuable information for understanding the mechanism of the larval settlement of this species, which is useful information for the hatchery industry of this pearl oyster.     

节节麦不同生育期叶片蜡质组成和超微形态的变化

为了解节节麦(Aegilops tauschii Coss.)不同生育期叶片表皮蜡质组成及晶体形态的变化,对节节麦叶片蜡质进行提取,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪和气相色谱-火焰离子化检测仪(GC-FID)对蜡质进行了定性和定量分析,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对叶片表面蜡质晶体形态进行了观察。结果表明,节节麦叶表皮蜡质经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出化合物21种,主要以初级醇为主(苗期、抽穗期和灌浆期相对含量分别为85%、84%和70%),并含有少量的烷烃、醛、酮和脂肪酸;随着节节麦的生长发育,蜡质总量不断积累,烷烃含量极显著地升高,其中以C29烷烃的增加最明显,而初级醇含量显著降低,其中C26醇的相对含量降低最明显(苗期、抽穗期和灌浆期相对含量分别为80%、76%和63%),其他各类化合物组分变化不大。经扫描电镜观察,节节麦叶片近轴和远轴面的蜡质晶体形态无明显差别,苗期均为片状,抽穗期大部分仍以片状形态存在,并且蜡质晶体的密集程度比苗期稀疏,灌浆期蜡质晶体的密集程度变得更加稀疏。这些变化可能与抽穗期、灌浆期烷烃含量的增加和初级醇含量的减少有关。     

杜鹃冠网蝽的药剂防治试验

为了给杜鹃冠网蝽的化学防治提供理论依据,选择阿维菌素、吡虫啉等药剂进行药效试验。结果表明:1.8%阿维菌素、10%吡虫啉对杜鹃冠网蝽有较好的防治效果,药后3 d防效分别达97.4%和96.8%。     

Tree Mortality,Needle Biomass Recovery and Growth Losses in Scots Pine Following Defoliation by Diprion pini (L.) and Subsequent Attack by Tomicus piniperda (L.)

Tree mortality and growth losses following insect defoliation are poorly documented in Scandinavia. In 1990-1991, Diprion pini (L.) caused extensive defoliation to Scots pine in Lauhanvuori national park and surrounding areas in south-western Finland. Most trees lost all their foliage in 1990. In 1991, the outbreak area was sprayed with diflubenzuron (Dimilin®), except in the national park, where trees were severely defoliated again. No further defoliation occurred in 1992. In spring 1993, sprayed trees had ca 30% foliage, whereas unsprayed trees on average carried less than 10% of full foliage. The latter trees were susceptible to attack by Tomicus piniperda (L.), whereas the former largely escaped beetle attack. Beetle attacks peaked in 1993, and depletion of suitable host trees probably terminated the beetle outbreak in the area. Two years of severe defoliation resulted in substantial tree mortality and growth losses. In spring 1997, these unsprayed stands had suffered a ca. 50% loss in basal area which was mainly because of mortality, and about half of the dead trees had been attacked by T. piniperda. Surviving trees had ca 50% of full foliage, and radial growth had still not recovered. Basal area growth was reduced by 40-70%, depending on the amount of foliage left after the second year of defoliation. In contrast, tree mortality and beetle attack in the sprayed stands were negligible, and these trees had recovered full foliage and radial growth by spring 1997. Thus, one year of total defoliation resulted in an estimated loss in basal area growth of approximately 30% during ca. 5 yrs. In conclusion, the spraying operation was economically justified, as it prevented substantial tree mortality and reduced growth losses.