稻瘟病叶瘟和穗颈瘟空间分布型及理论抽样研究

稻瘟病的叶瘟病株、病斑和穗颈瘟白穗的空间分布型都是聚集的。Taylor幂法则和 Jwao 集聚格局分析比其它扩散型指标,更能够说明病害的生态特征。稻瘟病叶瘟的病丛率(x)与病株率(y)的关系为 y=0.5632e~(0.0451x),穗颈瘟白穗丛率(x)和白穗株率(y)的关系为 y=0.8957e~(0.03786x),都呈极显著相关,有利于调查方法的简化。负二项理论抽样,将原公式简化,其抽样数可依 S~2=a(?)~b 代替 k 值作用,它随平均数而变化,计算较方便。     

不同叶龄移栽对水稻产量及品质的影响

通过叶龄移栽试验结果分析表明,水稻在3～8叶之间移栽,以4叶处理产量最高,达10374kg/hm2,比8叶期移栽增产11.0%,方差分析结果,3～6叶之间处理产量差异不显著,但均比8叶期移栽显著增产;根据稻米检验结果,垩白率、垩白度受移栽叶龄影响较大,适宜叶龄移栽能显著降低垩白率和垩白度.采取中苗移栽能使糙米率、精米率,整精米率及蛋白质的含量提高,直链淀粉降低,有利于产量的提高和稻米品质的改善.     

杂交水稻产量与品质形成的发育生理与遗传生态学研究

总结了福建农林大学农业生态研究所十多年来有关杂交水稻籽粒灌浆过程所涉及到的干物质积累与分配、强弱势粒发育进程的颖果形态解剖结构及其相关酶活性、激素含量的变化和强弱势淀粉积累动态等发育生理, 以及在不同生态条件下,籽粒发育的动态遗传特性和胞质负效应对杂交水稻籽粒灌浆相关过程的影响等遗传生态学的研究成果,并就目前杂交水稻产量与品质形成研究中存在的问题做一阐述,在此基础上提出了今后作物栽培学研究的新方法与新思路。     

诱导培养基对水稻胚愈伤组织形成和分化的影响

将10个籼稻品种(系)的胚分别接种于附加2,4-D(2mg/l)的4种诱导培养基上,研究其对盾片愈伤组织形成和绿苗再生的影响。结果表明:(1)10个品种(系)的盾片愈伤组织的开始形成时间,形成高峰和频率差异显著,但同一品种对不同培养基的反应差异不明显。(2)在绿苗再生率方面,各品种对4种培养基的反应不同,培养基相同,不同品种间愈伤组织再生绿苗频率存在显著差异。总之,不同基因型的水稻,其盾片愈伤组织的诱导与绿苗再生需要采用不同的培养基,才能获得理想的结果。     

水稻抗条纹叶枯病基因Stvb-i的分子标记检测

为了能将与条纹叶枯病基因Stvb-i完全连锁的分子标记ST10用于分子标记辅助育种中,利用该标记检测了47份水稻材料,同时对材料进行了田间抗性调查。在5个亲本材料及7个育种中间材料中扩增出了ST10特异条带,这些材料田间表现高抗条纹叶枯病;4份高抗条纹叶枯病的材料中未扩出特异条带,这些材料中可能有其它抗性基因。     

Causes of Poor Grain Plumpness of Two-Line Hybrids and Their Relationships to the Contents of Hormones in the Rice Grain

This study was designed to elucidate the grain filling characteristics and the causes of poor grain plumpness of some two-line hybrid rice combinations and their hormonal mechanism. Six varieties, including three two-line hybrid rice combinations,that show differences in seed-setting and grain filling, were used. And the contents of starch, sucrose, zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA), the ethylene evolution rate, activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) and starch synthase (StSase) in grains, the seed-setting and grain filling rate were investigated. The correlations amongst these were analyzed. The results showed that the poor grain filling of two-line hybrids was mainly attributed to the higher unfilled grain rate and the lower filling degree of inferior grains. During the early and mid grain filling periods, the sucrose content in inferior grains was greater than that in superior grains for the combinations with poor grain filling, indicating that the substrate concentration was not the principal factor for their slow grain filling and poor grain plumpness of the inferior grains of two-line hybrids. Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA in superior grains were obviously greater than those in inferior grains at early grain filling stage. The maximum and mean contents of Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA were positively very significantly correlated with the maximum and mean grain-filling rate, filling degree, and gram weight.The evolution rate of ethylene was greater in inferior grains than in superior grains and greater for the combinations with poor grain plumpness than those with good grain plumpness at the early or mid filling stages. The evolution rate of ethylene was negatively and significantly correlated with the grain filling rate, the grain filling degree, and the grain weight.Spraying ethephon (ethylene-releasing agent) at the early grain filling stage increased the evolution rate of ethylene,reduced the ABA content and activities of SuSase and StSase, and decreased the grain filling degree and the grain weight.The results were reversed when cobatous nitrate (an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis) was applied. The results suggested that the hormones and their balance play a role in the regulation of grain filling and enzymatic activities, and the poor grain filling is attributed to the low contents of Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA, and the high evolution rate of ethylene in the inferior grains of some two-line hybrid rice combinations. The results suggested that hormones play important roles in the grain filling of some two-line hybrid rice combinations, and their filling degree can be improved by regulating the hormonal contents.     

缺硫胁迫对水稻膜脂过氧化及保护酶系统活性的影响

以正常硫素营养为对照，通过水培试验。研究缺硫胁迫下不同品种水稻叶片活性氧代谢和相关酶活性的变化情况。结果表明：缺硫胁迫会引起水稻叶片膜脂过氧化程度提高和可溶糖浓度增加。并导致超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化物酶（POD），过氧化氢酶（CAT）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的改变，其变化幅度因品种的差异而有所不同。     

稻鸭复合系统的生态经济效益分析

就稻田养雌鸭（180只／hm^2）不施农药、稻田养雄鸭（180只／hm^2）不施农药、稻田施农药不养鸭、稻田不养鸭不施农药4个处理的生态经济效益进行了比较试验。结果表明：各处理粮食产量依次为6201．0kg／hm^2、6153．0kg／hm^2、5995．5kg／hm^2、4518．0kg／hm^2，分别比稻田不养鸭不施农药的增产27．14％、26．57％、24．64％。其中稻田养雌鸭不施农药处理比稻田施农药不养鸭模式增产水稻3．4％，增收成鸭324kg／hm^2；养鸭不施农药的水稻病虫草害的综合防治效果为76．5％．其中防病效果为91％，防虫效果达74．5％，杂草控制系数为0．64。可见稻田养鸭不施农药是一种良性循环高效生态农业模式。     

不同株高粳稻氮素累积和转运的基因型差异

以矮秆粳稻4007、武运粳和高秆粳稻豫粳和云粳为材料，研究了不同株高水稻累积和转运氮素的基闪型差异。结果表明，4007和武运粳的产量显著高于豫粳和云粳。矮秆粳稻4007和武运粳在分蘖期累积的氮素量低于豫粳和云粳，开花期后吸收的氮素显著高于豫粳和云粳。矮秆粳稻转运到籽粒中的氮素转运量和转运率以及籽粒氮素产量均显著高于高秆粳稻，而成熟时残留在茎叶中的氮素低于高秆粳稻。上述结果表明，种植矮秆粳稻更有利于水稻高产和提高氮素的利用效率。     

影响"扬稻6号"成熟胚愈伤组织再生植株的因子

以水稻中籼品种“扬稻6号”的成熟胚为外植体材料诱导愈伤组织发生,在愈伤组织继代培养阶段,研究山梨醇、甘露醇、脱落酸、蔗糖和麦芽糖对愈伤组织分化植株能力的影响作用,并探讨在愈伤组织诱导阶段添加6－苄基氨基嘌呤对后期愈伤组织分化植株能力的影响程度。试验结果表明,在愈伤组织继代培养基中添加30g/L山梨醇,3－5mg/L脱落酸和在愈伤组织诱导培养基中附加0.2mg/L 6-苄基氨基嘌呤有利于建立起较高频率的植株再生体系,愈伤组织经过继代培养后其植株再生的频率保持在50％左右。