不同类型日粮奶牛体外消化性能与甲烷产生量比较

为控制动物甲烷排放提供参考依据,以奶牛为瘤胃液供体动物,采用体外消化法进行了日粮类型对CH4产生量及其与消化性能关系的研究。结果表明,日粮精粗比均为40∶60的条件下,粗料为玉米秸秆青贮日粮的CH4产生量、消化单位干物质（DM）的CH4产生量、单位消化能量的CH4产生量比粗料为干玉米秸秆日粮分别减少了30%、37%、32%,差异显著（P〈0.05）;粗料均为玉米秸秆青贮的条件下,精粗比60∶40日粮的CH4产生量、消化单位DM的CH4产生量、单位消化能量的CH4产生量比精粗比40∶60日粮分别减少了21%、23%、23%,差异显著（P〈0.05）。玉米秸秆经过青贮处理或适当增加日粮中精料比例可以显著减少甲烷的产生,同时可以提高干物质消化率和消化能比例。     

水葫芦能源利用的生命周期环境影响评价

水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用已成为水葫芦处理与资源化利用的一个重要途径,以江苏省农业科学院水葫芦中试基地与常州市武进区水葫芦综合利用示范工程为案例,利用生命周期评价的方法建立水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气工程污染物排放的清单,并对系统生命周期环境影响进行评价,以水葫芦能源利用产生1MWh电能为功能单位,评价其对环境产生的影响。研究过程将整个生命周期分成3个阶段：水葫芦厌氧发酵预处理、水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气发电和沼液沼渣农田应用,重点考虑了3种环境影响类型：全球变暖、环境酸化和富营养化。评价结果为：各类型环境影响指数分别为2.1×10^-3、4.89×10^-2和1.98×10^-1,与能源作物发电及传统火力发电相比较,水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用中的CO2、SOx、NOx等污染物排放量均较低,对环境的负面影响最小,但水葫芦能源利用的生命周期效率仅为0.09,低于能源作物热电联用的技术途径（0.119）。降低水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用中的石化能源消耗、控制堆肥及沼液沼渣有机肥施用过程中氨挥发损失,对于提高水葫芦能源转化效率与降低环境影响指数至关重要。     

稻秸厌氧发酵产沼气预处理

秸秆厌氧发酵是一种有效的秸秆利用途径,秸秆预处理对发酵过程影响显著,为了探索合理的预处理方法,该文对秸秆预处理工艺进行了研究。以稻秸为原料,首先研究了不同浓度的Ca(OH)2溶液浸泡对秸秆有机物降解的影响,当采用9 g/L Ca(OH)2溶液时,5 d溶出化学需氧量（COD）可增加75.9%,说明碱处理能有效促进秸秆水解。但同时,碱处理容易导致厌氧系统酸化,在未调节pH值的情况下,碱处理的总产气量较对照组降低17.4%。然后通过二次正交旋转组合设计试验,研究了秸秆厌氧发酵预处理中秸秆粉碎粒度、C/N、堆沤时间3个因素的改变对产沼气量的影响。建立了沼气产量的二次多项式数学模型,得到了秸秆厌氧发酵预处理的优化工艺条件：秸秆粉碎粒度为4～6 mm,C/N为40,堆沤时间为8 d。表明预处理过程中秸秆无需过度粉碎,且预处理使得高C/N原料正常发酵,为利用秸秆等高C/N原料厌氧发酵提供了试验依据。     

微波消解-浓度直读法快速测定南阳彩色小麦中的微量钙

以南阳灰麦、蓝麦、普通紫麦和硬质紫麦为材料,用微波压力快速消解样品,用离子选择性电极浓度直读法和国标法对照测定。结果表明:浓度直读法的回收率为90.6%～98.4%,RSD为2.8%～3.6%(n=6),线性范围为0.400～4 000 mg/L,检出限为0.391 mg/L。     

Effect of flow parameters of rumen digesta on effective degradability and microbial yield in sheep

The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of rumen digesta flow parameters on effective degradability (EDG) and microbial nitrogen (MBN) yield in sheep fed diets of identical provision of both metabolizable energy and rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN). Ruminal degradation parameters of early‐harvested perennial ryegrass hay (EH), late‐harvested perennial ryegrasses hay (LH) and winter sown barley straw (BS) were determined by a nylon bag technique. Subsequently, three experimental diets (EHD, LHD and BSD) were formulated using the tested forages, sucrose and urea as supplements. An in vivo feeding study was conducted using four rumen cannulated sheep in a partial Latin square design. Digestibility, rate constants of rumen particle breakdown and passage, ruminal fermentation parameters and MBN supply to the small intestine were determined. Animals thoroughly consumed the forages fed at a restricted level. Digestion coefficients were greater for EHD than for LHD and were lowest for BSD (P < 0.05). The rate constant of large particle breakdown was 4.3, 5.9 and 6.7 %/h, respectively, and small particle passage was 5.3, 4.7 and 6.3 %/h for EHD, LHD and BSD, respectively. The estimates differed (P < 0.05) between the diets. The overall passage rate constant of total rumen particles was estimated to be higher for BSD than that for EHD or LHD (P < 0.05). Ruminal fermentation parameters were unaffected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Intake levels of rumen degradable organic matter (RDOM) and RDN were estimated to be greater for LHD than that for EHD or BSD (P < 0.05). Although dietary arrangements were made to give identical microbial efficiency, the estimated value was higher for EHD than that for LHD or BSD (P < 0.05); and the MBN yield for BSD was estimated to be lower than that for EHD or LHD (P < 0.05). Rumen kinetic parameters of degradation and particle flow of forage affected EDG values and MBN yield from forage‐related RDN intake, although those had little effect on the efficiency of MBN yield from forage‐related RDOM intake.     

超高压大豆蛋白酶解物体外消化产物的抗氧化活性研究

以大豆分离蛋白为研究对象,分析超高压(0.1、100、200、300 MPa)对大豆分离蛋白结构及其酶解4 h的产物在胃肠消化过程中的抗氧化活性.结果表明,经200 MPa处理的大豆分离蛋白结构变化较为明显,不同压力下的酶解产物随着消化的进行,消化液的还原能力、自由基清除能力及抑制脂质体氧化能力均有不同程度的提升.与其他处理组(0.1、100、300 MPa)相比,采用200 MPa处理的大豆蛋白酶解物在体外消化4 h时对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除率最大,分别为96.8％和58.6％,消化5 h时抑制脂质体氧化能力最强,消化10 h时的还原能力最高,为0.462,O2·和ABTS自由基清除率分别为79.7％和4.5％.综合分析得出,200 MPa诱导蛋白结构变化,进而提高其酶解物在胃肠消化过程中的抗氧化活性.该研究为大豆分离蛋白高压酶解物应用于具有抗氧化功能的食品开发提供了理论依据.     

复合气调包装对大蒜鳞茎无氧呼吸代谢的影响

无氧呼吸代谢在果蔬气调贮藏保鲜过程中具有重要作用,为研究复合气调包装对大蒜无氧呼吸代谢途径及相关生理的影响,本试验固定O2体积分数3.5％,研究CO2体积分数5％、8％、11％、14％对大蒜4℃贮藏过程中丙酮酸、丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率等指标的影响.结果表明:贮藏过程中,丙酮酸含量呈持续下降趋势;PDC、ADH活性均呈上升趋势,CO2体积分数对这两个酶活性影响显著,CO2体积分数超过8％时影响更为显著.乙烯释放速率与呼吸强度趋势相似,低体积分数CO2贮藏下均先出现峰值,高CO2体积分数条件下促进乙烯释放速率与呼吸强度持续增大.综合各指标情况认为,大蒜鳞茎在4℃低温、3.5％O2条件下贮藏时,以CO2体积分数不高于8％为理想配比.该条件能够有效抑制丙酮酸代谢相关酶活性,减少有害物质累积,同时抑制乙烯释放速率与呼吸强度.     

Collaborative Removal Capacity of COD and Nitric Pollutant in Two-Chamber Membraneless Microbial Fuel Cells

A two-chamber membraneless microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed, in which denitrifying bacteria attached on the cathode performed as denitrification by using electrons and protons supplied by anaerobic bacteria on the anode oxidizing organic pollutant and stainless steel meshes (the pitch of holes was 180μm) was adopted as the electrode. During the stable operation of the MFCs, the highest open cell voltage was 126.6 mV, and the maximum removal rate of COD, NH4 +-N, and NO3 --N was 88.9%, 99.7%, and 98.2%, respectively. However, the content of NO 2--N in the effluent was always lower than 1.25mg/L. The total and maximal removal rate for COD, NH4 +-N and NO3 --N in separate anode chamber and cathode chamber was 67.0%, 76.9%, and 84.0%, respectively, which were lower than that in the MFC. It is indicated that the two-chamber membraneless MFC has the collaborative and efficient capacity for COD and nitric pollutant removal by coupling oxidation on the anode and disoxidation on the cathode.     

A novel control method for two-phase short current of lines

The tremendous power flow may be transfered when two-phase short line is shut down, which may result in unstable state of the system and large loss of electric power. A novel line fault current controller (LFCC) and control method for the fault current of the two-phase short are presented. LFCC, emdedded at the line terminal, is composed of a series-connection transformer, a shunt-connection transformer,2 controllable inductors and on-line taps and is equivalent to the series of the insertion voltage and the insertion inductor when it works. The insertion voltage at the sending terminal(receiving terminal) is controlled to lead (lag)the fault source voltage by 2π/3 by adjusting on-line taps states. Because the insertion voltage amplitude and the insertion inductance can be controlled independently, the fault current gets zero and the current through the fault line reaches the normal current by the appropriate control of the insertion voltage amplitudes and the insertion inductances. Therefore, the fault line keeps the operation and the current through the line during the two-phase short existing equals that in normal operation, which improves the supply reliability. In addition, the corresponding control strategy for two phase short current is proposed. The experiment results show that the proposed LFCC is able to control the fault current through the line to reach corresponding normal current. The proposed control method suited for the proposed LFCC for the two phase short current is verified with the simulation results.     

1株高温型厌氧产氢细菌的分离与鉴定

利用平面夹层和平板培养瓶厌氧法从油田区的岩石中分离到8株细菌,经气体组成及产氢能力检测,发现其中2株细菌具有产氢能力。在60℃高温条件下,菌株ZX-1的氢转化率最高,为1.8mol H2.mol-1葡萄糖。该菌为革兰氏阴性、杆菌、有芽孢、无鞭毛,菌体大小为(0.35～0.45)μm×(2～8)μm;菌落特征表现为圆形、乳白色、表面光滑、不透明;生理生化试验结果表明,明胶液化、硝酸盐还原、柠檬酸盐利用、葡萄糖为阳性,氧化酶、淀粉水解、V-P反应为阴性,初步鉴定为短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus)。经16S rDNA PCR扩增及测序结果表明,该菌序列与Brevibacillus borstelensis的序列相似性达100%,进一步确定该菌为波茨坦短芽孢杆菌。