蚯蚓处理热带农业固体废弃物 木薯渣的适宜条件初探

采用室内模拟培养的方法,利用蚯蚓处理热带农业固体废弃物木薯渣,研究处理过程中蚯蚓生长繁殖 状况及处理前后混合废弃物的理化性质,探讨蚯蚓处理热带农业废弃物的适宜条件。结果表明,热带农业废弃物木 薯渣和砖红壤的不同配比基质中赤子爱胜蚓的生长繁殖良好,各试验组蚯蚓的生长繁殖与基质性质及环境条件之 间存在明显关系,其在30%砖红壤+70%木薯渣的处理中繁殖情况最好,产茧数量最多。蚯蚓在温度25益、含水率 70%、pH 7.9、接种密度10 条/60g 干重基质时具有最好的生长繁殖效率,同时赤子爱胜蚓对此类热带农业废弃物也 具有较好的处理效果,不同配比基质经蚯蚓处理后速效氮和速效磷含量明显增加。     

Fisheries of two tropical lagoons in Ghana, West Africa

Abstract  The fisheries of two coastal lagoons, Keta and Songor, were studied as part of Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Project (GCWMP) aimed at sustainable exploitation of wetland resources. Fish samples were obtained with seine nets and cast net as well as from local fishermen. Water quality parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and turbidity) were similar in the two lagoons, except for salinity, which was significantly different ( P  < 0.001). Despite their close geographical proximity, the two lagoons supported different fish assemblages with the blackchin tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron Rüppell, and the redchin tilapia, Tilapia guineensis (Bleeker), being the most important commercial fishes in both lagoons. The number of individuals for each species in Songor Lagoon were far more abundant, with densities several orders of magnitude higher than in Keta Lagoon. However, both species were significantly larger ( P  < 0.01) in the latter [15–121 and 25–157 mm standard length (SL)] than in the former lagoon (30–102 and 15–95 mm SL) for S. melanotheron and T. guineensis respectively. Over-fishing, use of small-size mesh nets, limited mixing of marine and fresh water were some of the factors limiting fish production in both lagoons.     

Fish species redundancy in estuaries: A major conservation concern in temperate estuaries under global change pressures

1. Fish assemblages in estuaries have a much lower species richness (number of taxa) when compared with the combined numbers of freshwater and marine species from adjacent aquatic ecosystems. This is primarily because of the relatively harsh and fluctuating physico-chemical conditions in estuaries compared with the more stable freshwater and marine environments.
2. A comprehensive fish survey of estuaries in South Africa is used as a basis to determine fish species richness in subtropical, warm temperate, and cool temperate systems along the coast, and to assess the degree of redundancy in the different biogeographic regions.
3. In general, only one or two species belonging to each of the detritivorous, piscivorous, zoobenthivorous, and zooplanktivorous fish guilds are numerically well represented in the larger cool temperate estuaries, but between four and 10 species in each of these guilds are usually recorded in the larger subtropical estuaries.
4. Although the overall low redundancy of fish species groups in estuaries has already been formally recognized in the literature, this short note highlights the sensitivity of certain trophic guilds in temperate South African estuaries to any form of redundancy, a characteristic that may be equally applicable, based on declining species richness with increasing latitude, to temperate estuaries in other parts of the world.

     

Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

加快海南农垦现代热带农业发展的思考

阐述现代农业的基本内涵以及建设现代农业的重要意义，提出海南垦区发展现代农业的思考。     

我国热带地区的牧草推广应用

概述我国热带地区牧草研究和发展现状，以及热区牧草推广应用存在的问题及改进方法，展望热带牧草的未来发展。     

Sap flow of Castanopsis jianfengensis and its relationship with environmental factors in a tropical montane rainforest

Using thermal dissipation and the ICT-2000TE equipment made in Australia, the sap flow of Castanopsis jianfengensis and various environmental factors were measured simultaneously in a mixed tropical montane rainforest at Jianfengling Nature Forest Reserve (18°369′N, 108°52′E, 860 m elevation) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2002. The results show that sap flow velocity of C. jianfengensis exhibited a monopeak pattern on clear days and a multi-peak pattern on cloudy or rainy days. Sap flow velocity had significant positive correlations with solar radiation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit and wind speed and a negative correlation with air relative humidity. In the dry season, sap flow velocity had a significant positive correlation with soil temperature and poor correlation with soil moisture; it was the opposite in the rainy season, indicating that precipitation clearly affected sap flow. Linear regression models between sap flow and environmental factors were established and were significant at the 0.005 level of probability. The mean transpiration rates of C. jianfengensis were 103.5 and 41.3 kg/d in our single tree and 1.94 and 0.77 mm/d in stand level in the dry and rainy season, respectively. __________ Translated from the Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(4): 742–748 [译自:应用生态学报]     

热处理对2种潜伏炭疽菌生长和致病性的影响

 通过测定热处理对潜伏侵染于芒果果实中的胶胞炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)和香蕉果实中的芭蕉炭疽菌[C.musae(Berk.& Curt.)Arx.]离体培养菌的生长、繁殖和致病性的影响,结果表明:当温度达55℃和60℃,时间20 min时,对菌体的生长和孢子萌发可起明显抑制或杀伤作用,并降低其致病性。2种炭疽菌中,芭蕉炭疽菌比胶胞炭疽菌对热更敏感。作者认为,果实采后热处理时,应根据果实种类和不同菌,采用不同的处理温度和时间,才能得到更好的效果。     

西双版纳热带雨林国家公园试点建设的探讨

在西双版纳热带雨林国家公园试点建设过程中,依托原国家级自然保护区机构和人员,依据现行的法规体系,吸收国际上国家公园建设的先进理念进行了一些卓有成效的实践,但也面临着许多难点和问题.针对西双版纳热带雨林国家公园试点建设实际,分析了国家公园建设中存在的缺乏统一的法规标准,交叉管理、多头管理,社区经济落后,发展困难多,经费投入不足,科学化管理水平不高等难点和问题,提出了相关对策和建议.