荔枝FKBP16-2基因启动子的克隆与瞬时表达分析

前期研究中发现了一个果肉低表达而叶片中高表达的荔枝基因FKBP16-2。本文克隆了该基因1 578 bp的启动子片段并对其功能进行了初步分析,结果表明:荔枝FKBP16-2基因启动子序列中含有大量的TATA-box和CAAT-box保守元件,以及TCA-element,ARE,HSE,GCN4_motif,O2-site等各种转录调控相关的顺式作用元件。该启动子能驱动GUS基因在荔枝的花、叶、根、果皮以及种子中表达而在果肉中不表达,表达具有组织特异性。     

Vitamin and mineral supplementation and rate of gain during the first trimester of gestation affect concentrations of amino acids in maternal serum and allantoic fluid of beef heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) supplement and (or) rate of gain (GAIN) during early gestation on amino acid (AA) concentrations in allantoic fluid (ALF) and amniotic fluid (AMF) and maternal serum. Seventy-two crossbred Angus heifers (initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of VTM supplement (VTM or NoVTM) and rate of gain (GAIN; low gain [LG], 0.28 kg/d, vs. moderate gain [MG], 0.79 kg/d). The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer⁻¹•d⁻¹, provided macro and trace minerals and vitamins A, D, and E to meet 110% of the requirements specified by the NASEM in Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/19014, 2016) was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI). To complete the factorial arrangement of treatments, at breeding heifers were either maintained on the basal diet (LG), or received MG diet which was implemented by adding a protein/energy supplement to the LG diet. Thirty-five gestating heifers with female fetuses were ovariohysterectomized on d 83 of gestation and maternal serum, ALF, and AMF were collected. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of neutral AA: Ala, Asn, Cys, Gln, Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and Val; cationic AA: Arg, His, and Lys; and anionic AA: Asp and Glu. In serum, a VTM × GAIN interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for Glu, with greater concentrations for VTM-LG than VTM-MG. Concentrations of serum Cys, Met, and Trp were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for MG than LG. In ALF, concentrations of Glu were affected by a VTM × GAIN interaction, where VTM-MG was greater (P < 0.01) than all other treatments. Further, ALF from VTM had increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of His, Asp, and 12 of the 14 neutral AA; whereas GAIN affected concentrations of Arg, Cys, and Asp, with greater concentrations (P ≤ 0.05) in MG heifers. In AMF, AA concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by VTM, GAIN, or their interaction. In conclusion, increased concentrations of AA in maternal serum and ALF of beef heifers were observed at d 83 of gestation in response to VTM supplementation and rate of gain of 0.79 kg/d, which raises important questions regarding the mechanisms responsible for AA uptake and balance between the maternal circulation and fetal fluid compartments.     

Relative bioavailability of organic bis-glycinate bound copper relative to inorganic copper sulfate in beef steers fed a high antagonist growing diet

To assess the relative bioavailability of bis-glycinate bound Cu, 90 Angus-cross steers (265 ± 21 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) to pens with GrowSafe bunks and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (14 to 18 steers/treatment): 0 mg supplemental Cu/kg dry matter (DM; CON), 5 or 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM as Cu sulfate (CS5; CS10) or bis-glycinate bound Cu (GLY5; GLY10). Steers received a high antagonist growing diet (analyzed 4.9 mg Cu/kg DM, 0.48% S, and 5.3 mg Mo/kg DM). Steers were weighed at the beginning (days 1 and 0) and end (days 125 and 126) of the trial to determine average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F). Blood was collected from all steers on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 126. Liver samples were collected on days −3 or −2 and day 123 or 124. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; fixed effect = treatment and block). Plasma Cu was analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = day). Plasma and liver Cu concentrations were regressed against total Cu intake using ProcGLM to calculate relative bioavailability of GLY. Final BW and overall ADG were greatest for CS5 and CS10 and least for CON and GLY5 (P = 0.01). Overall, DMI was not affected by treatment (P = 0.14), but overall G:F tended to be greatest for CS5, CS10, and GLY5 and least for CON (P = 0.08). Total and supplemental Cu intake was greatest for steers supplemented either source at 10 mg Cu/kg DM and least for CON (P < 0.01). However, total and supplemental Cu intake was greater for CS5 than GLY5 (P < 0.01). Final liver Cu concentrations were greatest for CS10, least for CON, CS5, and CS10, and intermediate for GLY10 (P < 0.01). Final plasma Cu was greatest for steers supplemented either source at 10 mg Cu/kg DM (P < 0.01). Relative bioavailability of GLY was 82% compared to CS based on liver Cu (P < 0.01) but did not differ based on plasma Cu (P = 0.60). The lesser bioavailability of GLY relative to CS could be due to a high concentration of dietary antagonists and lower solubility of GLY (68.9% relative to CS) in pH conditions (5.2) similar to the ruminal pH of a beef animal consuming a high concentrate diet. Future studies should examine the effects of bis-glycinate bound Cu fed in blended combination with inorganic Cu sulfate to determine the most effective blend of sources for feedlot cattle experiencing varying amounts of dietary Cu antagonists.     

Nutritional significance of amino acids,vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review

Nutraceuticals have gained immense importance in poultry science recently considering the nutritional and beneficial health effects of their constituents. Besides providing nutritional requirements to birds, nutraceuticals have beneficial pharmacological effects, for example, they help in establishing normal physiological health status, prevent diseases and thereby improve production performance. Nutraceuticals include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. which are important for preventing oxidative stress, regulating the immune response and maintaining normal physiological, biochemical and homeostatic mechanisms. Nutraceuticals help in supplying nutrients in balanced amounts for supporting the optimal growth performance in modern poultry flocks, and as a dietary supplement can reduce the use of antibiotics. The application of antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microbes and drug residues; therefore, they have been restricted in many countries. Thus, there is a demand for natural feed additives that lead to the same growth enhancement without affecting the health. Nutraceuticals substances have an essential role in the development of the animals’ normal physiological functions and in protecting them against infectious diseases. In this review, the uses of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as well as their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of immune system are discussed.     

钠水平及种类对肉鸡生长性能、胴体性状及血清矿物质水平的影响

文章旨在评估日粮钠水平及种类对肉鸡生长性能、胴体性状及血清矿物质水平的影响。试验选择平均初始体重一致的白羽肉仔鸡832只,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,每个重复26只鸡。试验日粮采用4×2因子设计,即日粮钠水平分别为1.5、2.4、3.3和4.2 g/kg,以小苏打和硫酸钠两种形式添加,试验共进行42 d。结果:1~10 d肉鸡的增重和采食量受钠盐水平及钠盐水平与种类交互作用的显著影响(P<0.05),在1~10 d时,硫酸钠组日增重和采食量最高(P<0.05)。同时,在整个试验期间(1~42 d),2.4 g/kg硫酸钠显著改善了增重(P<0.05)。随着钠水平的升高,血液pH表现为显著升高(P<0.05),硫酸钠组血液pH显著高于小苏打组(P<0.05),硫酸钠组腹脂占比较小苏打组显著提高2.23%(P<0.05)。4.2 g/kg钠水平组血清钠和钙浓度最高(P<0.05),3.3 g/kg钠水平组血清钾、氯和镁浓度最高(P<0.05)。与小苏打组相比,硫酸钠组血清钾水平显著降低0.33%(P<0.05),而血清钙浓度显著提高9.2%(P<0.05)。结论:日粮中钠以硫酸钠的形式添加2.4~3.3 g/kg可改善1~10 d肉鸡的生长性能,而在33~42 d时降低日粮钠水平可以使肉鸡获得最大的增重和采食量。     

鸽保健砂中主要矿物质元素含量及钙磷测定前处理方法的比较

为了解保健砂中主要矿物质元素的含量情况,试验采集了6省共11个地区的鸽保健砂产品,首先比较了用湿法消化、干法消化和酸溶解法对钙磷待测样品进行前处理的效果,分别按照GB/T 6436-2018和GB/T 6437-2018测定方法测定了样品中的Ca、P含量,接着采用GB/T 13885-2017方法测定了样品中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn的含量。结果表明：Ca的测定３号样品干法较湿法消化结果高3.16%（P ＜ 0.05）,5号样品干法、酸溶解法较湿法消化结果分别低0.87%、2.16%（P ＜ 0.05）,三种方法中酸溶解法最适合对保健砂进行前处理|多数省（市）的保健砂样品均有较高含量的Ca,最高达到29.4%|P含量普遍严重偏低,8个样品的P含量都在0.05%以下,比其余样品的P含量低数十倍|钙磷比多数都在100以上,最高钙磷比达到792,保健砂中钙磷比例严重失衡|样品中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn的含量分别为3387 ～ 22185、3.8 ～ 112.5、7.46 ～ 865.5 mg/kg和58.8 ～ 1401 mg/kg。由此可见,保健砂中各矿物质元素含量差异均极大,迄今没有统一的标准,质量问题不容忽视。 [关键词] 保健砂|矿物质元素|前处理|钙|磷     

lncRNA作为竞争性内源分子的作用机制及研究进展

竞争性内源RNA （competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA）假说提出具有相同短序列非编码微小（microRNA,miRNA）应答元件（microRNA response element,MRE）的转录物通过竞争的方式结合miRNA,从而影响转录物的表达水平。ceRNA假说颠覆了miRNA与靶基因单向调控的传统观念,在RNA调控网络中具有重要的生物学意义。在众多转录物中,长链非编码RNA （long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）是一类序列长度超过200个核苷酸的非编码RNA,对lncRNA的研究涉及到遗传、分子生物、基因调控、疾病（癌症、神经系统疾病等）等领域。miRNA与lncRNA形成了一个相互作用的调控网络,lncRNA可作为ceRNA抑制miRNA的功能,从而影响后续基因的表达。近年来,随着生物信息学技术的发展,科研人员发现ceRNA作用机制不仅涉及到人类癌症疾病,而且在各种复杂动物的肌细胞分化、脂肪细胞分化和颗粒细胞凋亡等生物过程中也发挥重要的调控作用。作者追溯了ceRNA调控机制,分析了ceRNA网络调控的影响因素,综述了ceRNA在不同动物中调控miRNA的研究进展,为进一步研究lncRNA与miRNA的调控网络提供参考,为畜牧业发展及复杂动物疾病治疗提供新的思路。     

基于外碾削立式碾米机的离散元法仿真分析

引入离散元仿真技术对碾米机械进行仿真研究,旨在探索碾米机在碾白过程中的碎米机理。通过模拟大米在输送过程来获得速度、运动轨迹等数据,由图表等方式输出模拟结果,可以看到米粒群绕着碾辊做螺旋形前进的运动规律。该技术在粮食机械设计系统的研究中具有重要的推广意义,可为碾米机优化设计提供理论参考,也为其他农业物料精确定量分配提供了一种新的方法。     

基于ANSYS的2BYFGJ-4型播种机机架优化设计

以2BYFGJ-4型玉米苗带秸秆还田旋耕施肥播种机机架为主要优化分析对象,通过有限元分析软件ANSYS对其进行静力学分析和模态分析,得出该机机架设计的薄弱环节。根据前几阶模态频率和振型,提出机架的优化方案,并以模态频率为衡量指标对各方案进行比较分析。结果表明:优化后的机架具有更好的动态性能,可为下一轮样机制作提供重要依据。     

Mineral requirements of hair sheep in tropical climates

In this study, we evaluated the requirements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) for sheep hair growth. Experimental diets contained different levels of metabolizable energy [ME; 0.96, 1.28, 1.72, 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg of dry matter, (DM), corresponding to 4.23, 5.64, 7.58, 9.61 and 11.55 MJ/kg DM]. The lambs' hair (n = 48) at 2 months of age presented an average body weight (BW) of 12.05 ± 1.81 kg. At the beginning of the experiment, eight animals were slaughtered as a reference group to estimate the initial empty body weight and body composition. Net mineral requirements (g/day) ranged from 0.73 to 0.71 g of Ca, 0.51 to 0.49 g of P, 0.026 to 0.026 g of Mg, 0.16 to 0.19 g of Na and 0.15 to 0.13 g of K for animals with a BW ranging from 15 to 30 kg and a daily gain of 100 g. The results of this study indicate that the net macromineral requirements for weight gain in Morada Nova lambs are different from the values commonly recommended by the Agricultural and Food Research Council.