猪粪好氧堆肥条件的研究

本试验研究了在不同的调理剂、通气方式、碳氮比和添加剂等条件下猪粪堆肥的腐熟进程。结果表明：稻草比稻壳更有利于猪粪的堆肥腐熟；机械通风同人工翻堆相比，各项指标无显著差异(P＜0.05)，而堆制结束后物理性状要比人工翻堆试验组差；高C/N有利于堆肥的升温及腐殖化过程，对堆肥进程无影响，但稻草加入量大会增加堆肥的成本；除臭剂及菌剂的加入对堆肥的大多数化学性状影响不大，但可明显改善堆肥腐熟后的物理性状并减少臭味。除稻壳试验组外，其它各组在第五周即可达到腐熟的要求。     

猪瘟病毒石门株在ST细胞连续传代后E0基因变异分析

为了解猪瘟病毒(CSFV)石门(Shimen)株连续传代后变异情况,根据已发表的CSFV E0基因序列(AF092448.2),设计合成引物,以在ST细胞中连续传代培养的CSFV石门株细胞毒总RNA为模板,每5代通过RT-PCR方法扩增病毒的E0基因,测定其核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列,用DNA Star软件分析比较原代、5代、10代、15代、20代、25代接毒细胞中CSFV E0基因的变异性。结果显示,接种病毒第10代的病毒E0基因在630核苷酸位点出现变异,第15代病毒在632核苷酸位点出现变异。本研究通过分子生物学方法发现CSFV Shimen株在ST细胞连续传代过程中E0基因能保持遗传的稳定性。     

Demonstrating freedom from disease using multiple complex data sources 2: case study--classical swine fever in Denmark

A method for quantitative evaluation of surveillance for disease freedom has been presented in the accompanying paper (Martin et al., 2007). This paper presents an application of the methods, using as an example surveillance for classical swine fever (CSF) in Denmark in 2005. A scenario tree model is presented for the abattoir-based serology component of the Danish CSF surveillance system, in which blood samples are collected in an ad hoc abattoir sampling process, from adult pigs originating in breeding herds in Denmark. The model incorporates effects of targeting (differential risk of seropositivity) associated with age and location (county), and disease clustering within herds. A surveillance time period of one month was used in the analysis. Records for the year 2005 were analysed, representing 25,332 samples from 3528 herds; all were negative for CSF-specific antibodies. Design prevalences of 0.1-1% of herds and 5% of animals within an infected herd were used. The estimated mean surveillance system component (SSC) sensitivities (probability that the SSC would give a positive outcome given the animals processed and that the country is infected at the design prevalences) per month were 0.18, 0.63 and 0.86, for among-herd design prevalences of 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01. The probabilities that the population was free from CSF at each of these design prevalences, after a year of accumulated negative surveillance data, were 0.91, 1.00 and 1.00. Targeting adults and herds from South Jutland was estimated to give approximately 1.9, 1.6 and 1.4 times the surveillance sensitivity of a proportionally representative sampling program for these three among-herd design prevalences.     

Hepatitis E virus in Cuba: A cross-sectional serological and virological study in pigs and people occupationally exposed to pigs

Surveillance of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in risk groups is an important strategy to monitor its circulation pattern and to timely detect changes thereof. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to estimate the prevalence of HEV infections in pigs and humans from different regions of the country, to identify risk factors for increasing anti-HEV IgG prevalence and to characterize HEV strains. The presence of anti-HEV antibodies was assessed by commercial ELISA in serum samples from the general population, farm and slaughterhouse employees, as well as pigs sampled in the three regions of Cuba from February to September 2016. Overall, individuals with occupational exposure to swine or swine products (70/248, 28.2%) were 4 times more likely to be seropositive compared to the general population (25/285, 8.7%; OR: 4.18; p < .001). Within the risk group, risk factors included age, number of years working in a professional activity with direct exposure to swine, geographic region and distance between residence and closest professional swine setting, while wearing gloves had a protective effect. Prevalence of total anti-HEV antibodies in swine was 88.2% (165/187) and HEV RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR in 9.2% (16/173) swine stools. All HEV strains sequenced clustered within genotype 3. Some strains clearly belonged to subtype 3a, while another group of strains was related with subtypes 3b and 3 k but partial HEV sequences did not allow unequivocal subtype assignment. These findings suggest that the high HEV exposure in Cuban individuals with swine-related occupations could be due to enzootic HEV in certain regions, direct contact with infectious animals or their products as well as environmental contamination.     

条件性敲除D1133L基因的重组非洲猪瘟病毒的构建及增殖特性

前期研究初步表明非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)编码的D1133L基因对ASFV复制至关重要,本研究拟进一步探究D1133L在ASFV复制中的作用。利用同源重组技术结合大肠杆菌lac阻遏操作系统实现条件性敲除D1133L基因,以pUC118为骨架重组转移载体ASFVΔi130,将重组转移载体转染骨髓源巨噬细胞(BMDMs),以ASFV CN/GS/2018为亲本毒株感染BMDM,在β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)存在的条件下,经绿色荧光和PCR鉴定,获得条件性敲除D1133L重组毒株vD1133Li。利用荧光显微镜观察该重组毒株与亲本毒株在猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAMs)中的复制差异,利用qPCR技术比较重组病毒与亲本毒株的复制差异,分析vD1133Li在无IPTG情况下回补D1133L蛋白后与在IPTG诱导情况下的复制差异。结果显示：本研究成功构建了条件性敲除D1133L的ASFV重组病毒vD1133Li,重组毒株不表达D1133L,在IPTG诱导下复制能力显著低于亲本毒株;在稳定表达D1133L的MA-104细胞系中,vD1133Li复制能力恢复。综上所述,D1133L基因对于ASFV复制至关重...     

经济绿肥覆盖对西双版纳胶园土壤性状的综合影响

论述了经济绿肥覆盖对提高土壤肥力、改善土壤物理性状、水土保持、提高抗病性、增加收入等方面的作用和重要意义。阐明了经济绿肥覆盖在西双版纳胶园的应用前景，它将实现经济效益和生态效益并重的胶园可持续发展。同时提出了在胶林行间特别是保护带陡坡地种植绿肥覆盖物的发展思路及相应措施，即完成胶园经济绿肥良种的筛选、经济效益和生态效益评价、及配套栽培技术试验示范。     

低温和近中温猪粪液厌氧处理的装置比较研究

作了ＵＢＦ、ＵＡＳＢ和厌氧上折流反应器处理猪粪过筛液运行性能的实验室比较。结果表明：它们的运行指标基本一致。综合比较，ＵＢＦ略优于ＵＡＳＢ，ＵＡＳＢ略优于上折流反应器。在发酵温度１０℃段，负荷１．９～２．３ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ），装置产气率平均０．３２～０．５１Ｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ），ＣＯＤ平均去除率８２．２％～９１．０％；１５℃段，负荷２．５～２．６ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ），装置产气率０．５７～０．５９Ｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ）；２５℃段，负荷５．５～５．７ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ），装置产气率１．９３～２．０１Ｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ）。     

土壤水分及有机肥料对番茄叶片光合特性及叶绿素含量影响的试验研究

有机栽培是一种新型的种植方式,为了研究有机肥料在不同的水分条件对温室番茄的光合特性以及叶绿素含量的影响,在中国农业大学联栋玻璃温室进行了番茄的盆栽试验研究,采取4种灌水处理以及2种肥料处理,得到如下结论:1随着土壤水分的增加、番茄叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度都有相应的增加趋势。2水分最低的处理反而净光合速率的值较高,是由于在这一处理中,叶片的叶绿素含量较高。3土壤含水率较低的前提下(田持的40%～85%),施加有机肥料BGA可以使得番茄叶片的叶绿素含量有较大的增加,平均可增加13%～24%,土壤含水率较高的情况下(田持的85%～100%)叶绿素的含量变化不大。     

Use of saline–sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline–sodic soils

Use of poor-quality groundwater has become inevitable for irrigation to compensate rapidly increasing water demands in many arid and semiarid regions. Salinity and sodicity are the principal soil and water quality concerns in such areas. Many saline–sodic and sodic soils have saline or saline–sodic subsurface drainage waters. Amelioration of these soils needs a source of calcium (Ca²⁺) that can replace the excess exchangeable sodium (Na⁺). Most of these soils, however, contain calcite (CaCO₃) of extremely low solubility. The native calcite does not supply adequate levels of Ca²⁺ for soil amelioration as do other chemical amendments. Phytoremediation may help ameliorate such soils through cultivation of certain crops tolerant to ambient soil salinity and sodicity. This amelioration strategy works through plant root action to help dissolve CaCO₃ to supply adequate Ca²⁺ without the application of an amendment. During a 3-year field experiment conducted under irrigated conditions, we evaluated phytoremediation against soil application of gypsum and farm manure, and water treatment with sulphuric acid on a calcareous saline–sodic soil (pH_s=8.0–8.4, EC_e=24–32 dS m⁻¹, SAR=57–78, CaCO₃=45–50 g kg⁻¹ for the top 0.15 m depth; Calcic Haplosalids). A saline–sodic water (EC=2.9–3.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR=12.0–19.4, RSC=4.6–10.0 mmol_c l⁻¹, SAR_adj=15.6–18.4) was used to irrigate the rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in rotation. Active desalinisation and desodication processes were observed in all the treatments. After the final wheat crop, the 1.2 m soil profile EC_e was 7±0.5 dS m⁻¹ and SAR was 15±2 with non-significant treatment differences, indicating comparable soil amelioration effect of phytoremediation with other treatments. Better crop yields were obtained from the manure-treated plots, owing to its annual addition to the soil that possibly improved soil fertility. Phytoremediation needed minimum capital input because no initial investment was made to purchase the amendments.