黄土丘陵区撂荒农耕地土壤有效态微量元素演变特征

【目的】探索农耕地撂荒对土壤微量元素演变特征的影响,为该地区植被恢复中土壤质量评价和生态恢复的持续健康发展提供科学依据。【方法】以黄土丘陵区不同撂荒年限的坡耕地为研究对象,分析农耕地撂荒后不同坡向土壤4种有效态微量元素的变化趋势。【结果】黄土丘陵区坡耕地撂荒后,阴坡由于土壤温度较低,含水量较大,植被生长旺盛。有机碳、全氮、有效锰、有效铁、有效锌含量变化规律性较强,表现为在演替前期变化较小,而后期随撂荒年限的延长而显著增加,有效铜则随撂荒年限呈降低趋势。阳坡土壤有机碳、全氮及4种有效态微量元素含量则随年限呈波动变化。不同演替阶段土壤微量元素密度变化不同,阳坡土壤有效铁和有效锌密度在演替前10年明显高于阴坡,而在10年后显著低于阴坡;有效铜密度在前5年略低于阴坡,5年后明显高于阴坡。【结论】黄土丘陵区坡耕地撂荒20年后,虽然4种土壤有效态微量元素含量有所提高,但仍处于低或极低水平,因此黄土丘陵区通过自然演替来改善土壤微量元素状况还需要较长的时间。     

营养盐加富和鱼类添加对浮游植物群落演替和多样性的影响

浮游植物是水体生态系统敞水区最重要的初级生产者,其组成与多样性反映了群落的结构类型和存在状态。通过围隔实验,模拟水库春季发生的营养盐加富和鱼类放养的干扰,分析在这两种干扰下的浮游植物群落演替过程中优势种和稀有种的变化,并通过以丰度与生物量为变量的香农和辛普森多样性指数的计算,分析浮游植物群落演替过程中的多样性变化特征。结果表明,营养盐加富干扰下的浮游植物群落的优势种变化和演替更为明显,营养盐加富与鱼类添加对浮游植物群落多样性变化的影响符合中度干扰理论。在优势种优势度变化较大的浮游植物群落演替过程中,多样性指数与浮游植物生物量有较高的负相关性。在浮游植物群落演替过程中,香农和辛普森多样性指数的变化趋势基本一致,采用丰度与生物量为变量的两种多样性指数的计算结果对实验系统中浮游植物群落多样性的分析结果没有明显的影响。     

陕北黄土丘陵区退耕地植物群落演替特征

为了解黄土丘陵区侵蚀地貌退耕地植物群落演替模式及其基本特征,以陕北安塞纸坊沟流域的20块不同年限退耕地和荒坡为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法进行植物群落的调查和演替特征的分析。结果表明:退耕地植物群落大致经历了茵陈蒿群落—杂类草—狗尾草群落—长芒草群落—铁杆蒿群落—茭蒿群落的演替过程。植物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现出随演替进行而上升的变化规律,但上升的速率各异;演替前期和中期的群落基本上属于对数级数分布,说明该阶段的物种组成主要是生态位预占模式起作用,演替后期的群落属于对数正态分布,可能是生态位预占、周围繁殖体的侵入压力、种间竞争和其他因素共同作用的结果;群落盖度变化与演替时间符合二次函数变化规律。     

天津地区湿地土壤种子库及其在受限空间中的植被演替研究

湿地土壤种子库运用对植被恢复的研究具有重要意义。从植被演替的角度出发,设置相对封闭的受限空间,持续监测土壤种子库萌发及其后续植物群落的演替情况,记录物种组成、群落多样性指数和群落覆盖度等参数的变化规律,评估了采用湿地土壤种子库进行植被恢复的效果。并对地面植被、土壤种子库及其演替植被的群落相似性指数进行了对比分析。结果发现:(1)土壤种子库恢复后期的植被与地面植被相似度较低(小于0.25);(2)植被恢复过程中,群落多样性指数呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而恢复3a后的植被群落多样性指数均接近于地面植被;(3)生长期的群落覆盖度高于90%,能够满足天津地区滨海盐碱型湿地植被恢复的要求。     

温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性研究

利用Biolog研究温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性变化,结果表明:就总体AWCD值来看,阔叶林土体土微生物功能多样性较高于原始红松林,而在根际土上反映更加明显,阔叶林红松幼苗根际土AWCD值几乎高出原始红松林25%。而就整体丰富度及多样性指数上来看,原始红松林根际无论在多样性还是丰富度上均占优,但其土体土却均处于最低位置,这表明在原始林中,微生物更加集中于根系附近。通过单个碳源方差分析发现,在原始林中,无论是土体土还是根际土,在对氨基酸类碳源的利用上均有较大优势。这表明在温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性确有变化,且主要集中在根际部分。     

Early-successional vegetation changes after roadside prairie restoration modify processes related with soil functioning by changing microbial functional diversity

Because of their rapidly changing vegetation dynamics and harsh environmental conditions, roadside prairies in semi-arid regions represent an exceptional study system in which to investigate the effects of plant-soil interactions on ecosystem functioning. We conducted a two-year field experiment on two roadside embankments in semi-arid central Spain differing in construction age to answer the following questions: (i) do commonly used restoration treatments (hydroseeding, fertilization and irrigation) affect soil microbial functional diversity and processes related to soil functioning (basal respiration, total N and P and in situ N availability rate)? (ii) what portion of plant effects on processes related to soil functioning is mediated indirectly by microbial functional diversity? Except for a small and negative irrigation effect on the microbial functional diversity in the three-year old site, the restoration treatments employed did not affect this variable. Fertilization increased plant diversity, an effect likely mediated by the enhanced soil nutrient availability with this treatment at early stages of secondary succession. In contrast, hydroseeding did not affect processes related to soil functioning. The total effect of the plant community on these processes was higher than that of the microbial functional diversity alone, suggesting that the studied slopes are to the greater extent regulated by plants. However, soil microbes are a key proximate influence in the system, as the indirect effects of plant community on soil functioning processes mediated by soil microbes represented 37-41% of the total plant effects observed. Our results indicate that the restoration of recently built slopes can potentially be improved with treatments that promote plant compositional shifts, such as fertilization, or alter soil function, such as the enhancement of soil microbial functional diversity. They also highlight that plant-soil interactions are an important process that can be manipulated for restoration purposes in early-successional stages, especially in nutrient-poor semi-arid ecosystems.     

子午岭土壤可培养微生物对植被演替的响应

利用"空间序列代替时间序列"的方法,研究了黄土高原子午岭土壤可培养微生物对植被演替的响应。结果表明:(1)土壤细菌、真菌及微生物总数量按退耕地→草地→灌草地→白桦(Betula platyphylla)林→辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林→辽桦混交林方向递增(p<0.01);放线菌数量呈波动性变化,较高值出现在灌草地和辽东栎林。(2)演替的过程中,土壤微生物综合性指标Shannon—Wiener指数呈波动性变化;真菌数量变化对土壤微生物Shannon—Wiener指数影响较大。(3)随着演替的进行,氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量显著增加(p<0.01);固氮菌数量略有增加,但差异不显著(p>0.05),最大值出现在辽桦混交林;纤维素分解菌数量在辽东栎林和辽桦混交林最高。研究表明,植被演替对土壤微生物3大类群及主要功能群数量影响显著,促进了土壤微生物数量的增加;土壤微生物多样性变化趋势并非总是与植被进展演替方向一致,其大小与植被类型有关,并依植被组成的变化而变化。     

Physical extent,frequency, and intensity of phosphatase activity varies on soil profiles across a Douglas-fir chronosequence

In forest soils, the availability of phosphate is largely dependent on phosphatase activity. We used soil imprinting to compare in situ activity and fine-scale distribution of phosphatase on soil profiles located across forest chronosequences of four age classes young (5–6 yrs), canopy closure (24–30 yrs), stem exclusion (61–71 yrs), and older (90–103 yrs) of mixed Douglas-fir/paper birch stands regenerated after fire or clearcutting in southern interior British Columbia, Canada. Chromatography paper treated with a mixture of substrate and colorimetric reagent was applied directly to vertical soil surfaces, accessed through root windows. Stands older than 61 years had both the highest level of in situ phosphatase activity and larger, more intense regions of activity. Bray-extractable phosphorus was negatively related to imprintable phosphatase activity. We compared the changes in phosphatase activity with differences in the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) community that had been documented previously in the same stands. Of 84 ectomycorrhizal fungi found on roots in at least two of the stand-age classes, eight taxa were positively correlated and one taxon (Rhizopogon vinicolor/vesiculosus) negatively correlated with high phosphatase activity. The frequency of three taxa appeared to be positively correlated with larger areas of activity on the soil profiles. By using an imprinting approach, this study was able to demonstrate, for the first time, that in situ phosphatase activity and physical attributes of that activity (i.e., number, size, and relative rates of each area of activity) were related to concentrations of soil nutrients and with the frequency of individual ectomycorrhizal fungi.     

陕北黄土区山杏林下草本层植物群落特征研究

根据陕西省吴起县不同立地类型25龄以上山杏人工纯林和山杏沙棘混交林林下草本层植被调查数据,采用时空互代的方法,探讨了在不同立地山杏林下草本层植物群落演替方向及其生态恢复效果.结果表明,阴向缓坡、阴向陡坡和阳向缓坡山杏纯林下草本层由铁杆蒿、达乌里胡枝子群落演替到大披针苔草或铁杆蒿、大披针苔草群落,群落整体由旱生型向中生型转变,盖度和生物量增大,多样性略有降低,呈正向演替;且山杏-沙棘混交林下草本层上述指标均优于纯林.而在阳向缓坡山杏林下由星毛委陵菜、铁杆蒿群落演替到甘草、大披针苔草群落,群落整体向旱生型转变,多样性、盖度、生物量均随林龄增加显著降低,呈逆行演替.建议在阴向缓坡、阴向陡坡及阳向缓坡配置山杏这类低耗水,生长慢乔木树种,其中与沙棘等乡土灌木树种混交的模式更优;在阳向陡坡以营造生长速度适中的灌木林或自然恢复草地植被为宜.     

彭州市龙门山不同地震裸地次生演替初期土壤酶活性研究

地震形成的次生裸地的生态恢复包括植被和土壤的结构与功能恢复两个方面.选取彭州龙门山地震崩塌地、泥石流冲积扇、滑坡体等震后形成的三个典型次生裸地恢复3 a后,对表土(0-30 cm)有机碳、水溶性氮、有效磷和土壤酶活性等性质进行了研究,以评价恢复初期不同次生裸地的土壤恢复状况.结果显示,自然恢复3a,土壤有机碳恢复到原生样地的27％～42％,可溶性碳恢复至原生样地的25％～46％,可溶性氮恢复至原生样地的6％～14％,有效磷恢复至原生样地的21％～83％.土壤酶中,过氧化氢酶活性恢复较快,达到对照样地过氧化氢酶活性的70％以上,而脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性恢复较慢,分别为对照样地的5％～19％,6％～48％,6％～26％,因此地震形成的次生裸地上土壤肥力质量与土壤酶活性的恢复是一个长期的过程.