长白专门化品系W51系选育

为了选育符合生长速度快、体型好、背膘薄、繁殖性能较好的第一父本W51系,种猪公司以水台原种场存栏的华农温氏I号配套系的长白猪HN151系种猪为基础群,采用开放式闭锁繁育方法,期间引入外血,优化血缘,加强种猪体型、繁殖性能的选育。经过近10年的选育,培育成了生长速度快、繁殖性能较好,体型结实的母系父本温系长白W51,是温氏集团使用最为广泛的母系父本种猪。     

不同丛枝菌根真菌种类对生姜生长的影响

研究盆栽条件下,接种不同丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）种类对生姜不同生育时期农艺性状的影响及其在生姜根内的定殖情况。采用生姜组培苗,于幼苗期分别接种12株AMF进行生姜农艺性状比较试验,在温室盆栽接种后每隔30 d对生姜根系进行取样分析,比较菌根侵染率、侵染强度和丛枝丰度的大小,以观察不同AMF菌株对生姜苗的侵染动态。结果表明,所有接种AMF组的生姜植株,其生长量均高于空白对照组。结合不同菌株在根系的侵染率,筛选出生姜AMF优势种类为：细凹无梗囊霉（Acaulospora scrobiculata）、网状球囊霉（Glomus reticulatum）、隐形球囊霉（Paraglomus occltum）、摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）。说明苗期接种这4个优势菌种,能够促进生姜生长,是适宜生姜生长的优良AMF菌株。     

贫困地区基于农民专业合作社的土地流转模式及选择——以贵州、四川、甘肃三省为例

基于贵州、四川、甘肃三省贫困连片区的调研,采用问卷调查、关键人访谈和统计分析相结合的方法,总结出农户与农民专业合作社间土地流转模式主要有转包、转让、出租、入股、出租-入股5种,同时分析了每种模式的运作机制和利弊,并在此基础上为不同类型农户的土地流转模式选择提出建议。     

Wild Bonelli’s eagles (Aquila fasciata) as carrier of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain

Wild birds have repeatedly been found to be involved in the dissemination of enteric bacterial pathogens in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter as well as the antimicrobial resistance in wild Bonelli’s eagles nestlings in Eastern Spain. In addition, we compared the efficiency of two sampling methods (fresh faecal samples from nest and cloacal swabs from nestlings) for detection of both bacteria. A total of 28 nests with 45 nestlings were analysed. In the nest, Salmonella occurrence was 61 ± 9.2%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 5.8% (p < 0.05). In the nestlings, Salmonella occurrence was 36 ± 7.1%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 4.7% (p < 0.05). Eight Salmonella serovars were identified, and the most frequently isolated were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Houston, and S. Cerro. Only one Campylobacter species was identified (C. jejuni). Regarding antimicrobial resistance, the Salmonella strains isolated were found to be most frequently resistant to ampicillin and to tigecycline; however, the sole Campylobacter strain recovered was multidrug resistant. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that wild Bonelli’s eagles nestlings are greater carriers of Salmonella than of Campylobacter. Both Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance. In addition, faecal samples from nests were most reliable for Salmonella detection, while cloacal swab from nestlings were most reliable for Campylobacter detection.     

北京市蔬菜专业村产业集聚测度实证研究

以北京蔬菜专业村为研究对象,选取2012—2018年北京蔬菜专业村及蔬菜产业相关数据,运用区位商指数测算方法,从时间和空间两个层面对北京市蔬菜专业村产业集聚度进行测算;运用集中度指数测算方法,从专业村主导产业总产值和从业农户数两方面对集聚度进行测算。结果显示,北京市蔬菜专业村出现了集聚现象,但存在不稳定上下波动的问题,顺义区、通州区和平谷区总体集聚程度较高,并保持稳定集聚状态,集聚区域主要集中在顺义区和房山区。研究建议完善蔬菜专业村基础设施建设,打造蔬菜专业村区域品牌效应,发挥蔬菜示范村辐射带动作用,推进专业镇、基地及园区建设。     

河南省地方良种鸡蛋壳质量性状的对比

在了解了河南省地方良种鸡的蛋壳质量性状后,为对河南省4个地方良种鸡的蛋壳颜色、蛋的比重、蛋壳厚度及其占蛋重的比例进行了测定。结果：蛋壳颜色均以浅褐色和灰色为主,其中正阳三黄鸡蛋壳颜色偏深、淅川乌鸡蛋壳颜色偏浅;蛋的比重均在1．11以上;蛋壳重量占蛋重的比例以固始鸡最低（10．97％）、浙川乌鸡最高（11．84％）;平均蛋壳厚度以正阳三黄鸡最高（0．342mm）、卢氏鸡最低（0．325mm）。     

PRRSV国内流行毒株的分离鉴定及结构基因的分析

从国内发病猪场采集的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）病料中,分离到8株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）。病毒分离培养表明,JS1-JS5第1代即可适应Marc-145细胞。GD1-GD3经Marc-145细胞3次-4次传代后出现明显的细胞病变。间接免疫荧光试验表明,8个分离毒株与抗PRRSV抗体均可出现特异性的胞浆荧光。它们对氯仿、甲醛、酸和碱均敏感。5-溴-2′-脱氧尿核苷对其无抑制作用。参照GenBank中已发表的PRRSV的序列设计了两对特异性引物,分别对所分离毒株进行部分nsp2基因和结构基因的扩增。发现JS1-JS5nsp2基因发生了部分缺失。选择JS1、JS5、GD3进行nsp2基因和结构基因的扩增和测序。序列分析结果表明,JS1、JS5和2006年以后国内分离到的高致病性PRRSV高度同源。GD3的Nsp2基因虽然没有发生第534位-第562位氨基酸的缺失,但与2006年以后分离的毒株一样,发生了第482位氨基酸的缺失。通过对3个分离毒株与其他国内分离毒株的结构基因序列进行系统进化分析发现,我国的PRRSV流行毒株可大致划分为两个亚型,JS1、JS5、GD3、CH-1a、JXA1、HUN4、SHH等属于一个亚型,BJ-4、CC-1属于另一个亚型。亚型间核苷酸序列同源性为91.2%-91.8%。     

Pigmentation of the aortic and pulmonary valves in C57BL/6J x Balb/cByJ hybrid mice of different coat colours

Neural crest‐derived melanocytes have been recorded in several parts of the mammalian heart but not in the pulmonary valve. We report here the presence of melanin‐containing cells in the leaflets (cusps) of both the aortic and pulmonary valves. A total of 158 C57BL/6J x Balb/cByJ hybrid mice exhibiting four coat colours, namely black, white, agouti and non‐agouti brown, were examined. We sought for any relationship between the presence of melanocytes in the valves and the coat colour of the animals. The pigmentation levels of the leaflets were accomplished using a scale of five pigment intensities. White mice lacked pigment in the heart. In 10.5% of the remaining animals, there were melanocytes in the pulmonary valve leaflets. Thus, this is the first study to report the presence of such cells in the pulmonary valve of mammals. Melanocytes occurred in the leaflets of the aortic valves of 87.2% of mice. The incidence of melanocytes and the pigmentation level of the leaflets did not statistically differ according to the coat colours of the animals. This disagrees with previous observations, indicating that the amount of melanocytes in the heart reflects that of the skin. The incidence and distribution of melanocytes in aortic and pulmonary valves are consistent with the notion that the formation of the arterial valves is mediated by specific subpopulations of neural crest cells. We hypothesize that melanocytes, even not producing melanin, may be more frequent in the heart than previously thought, exerting presumably an immunological function.     

Recreational sandboxes for children and dogs can be a source of epidemic ribotypes of Clostridium difficile

Different studies have suggested that the sand of public playgrounds could have a role in the transmission of infections, particularly in children. Furthermore, free access of pets and other animals to the playgrounds might increase such a risk. We studied the presence of Clostridium difficile in 20 pairs of sandboxes for children and dogs located in different playgrounds within the Madrid region (Spain). Clostridium difficile isolation was performed by enrichment and selective culture procedures. The genetic (ribotype and amplified fragment length polymorphism [AFLP]) diversity and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was also studied. Overall, 52.5% (21/40) of samples were positive for the presence of C. difficile. Eight of the 20 available isolates belonged to the toxigenic ribotypes 014 (n = 5) and 106 (n = 2), both regarded as epidemic, and CD047 (n = 1). The other 12 isolates were non‐toxigenic, and belonged to ribotypes 009 (n = 5), 039 (n = 4), and 067, 151 and CD048 (one isolate each). Nevertheless, all isolates (even those of a same ribotype) were classified into different AFLP genotypes indicating non‐relatedness. In conclusion, our results revealed the presence of epidemic ribotypes of C. difficile in children's and dog's sandboxes located nearby, which constitutes a major health risk.     

不同微生物添加剂组合固态发酵对木薯渣品质的影响

本试验旨在研究布氏乳杆菌(LAB)、黑曲霉(AN)、热带假丝酵母(CT)、枯草芽孢杆菌(BS)与植物乳杆菌(LAP)组合对木薯渣品质的影响,筛选出发酵效果最优的混合菌组合。试验以木薯渣为发酵原料,对LAB、AN、CT、BS与LAP进行不同菌种的菌液以1∶1体积比组合,共设5个不同组合,组合1:LAB+AN+CT+LAP;组合2:LAB+AN+BS+LAP;组合3:LAB+CT+BS+LAP;组合4:AN+CT+BS+LAP;组合5:LAB+AN+CT+BS+LAP;各组合分别添加1%尿素或者1%尿素+0.6%红糖,空白组不添加任何添加剂,对照组Ⅰ添加1%尿素;对照组Ⅱ添加1%尿素+0.6%红糖,各组均用生理盐水调制含水量为65%左右,于聚乙烯薄膜袋中真空发酵10 d。结果表明:1)不同微生物添加剂组合发酵木薯渣对木薯渣营养成分改善效果5菌组合优于4菌组合。其中,LAB+AN+CT+BS+LAP+尿素+红糖组合发酵木薯渣效果最好,与空白组相比显著降低了发酵木薯渣p H(P0.05),提高了乙酸和丙酸含量;中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量均为最低,显著低于空白组和对照组(P0.05);粗蛋白质(CP)含量最高,显著高于空白组和对照组(P0.05)。2)添加相应的菌种+尿素+红糖发酵木薯渣有利于产生丙酸。3)在发酵培养基中添加尿素能显著提高木薯渣CP含量(P0.05)。4)在木薯渣发酵过程中添加尿素+红糖比只添加尿素对木薯渣营养成分改善效果好。综上所述,LAB、AN、CT、BS与LAP组合添加尿素和红糖固态发酵木薯渣,可以有效改善木薯渣品质。