不同坡位条件对毛乌素沙地长柄扁桃林地土壤水分的影响

[目的]揭示半干旱区固定沙丘不同坡位条件下土壤水分空间变化规律,为固定沙丘土壤水分合理利用提供决策依据。[方法]在毛乌素沙漠东南缘陕西省神木市生态协会毛乌素治沙造林基地,以固定沙丘12 a龄人工长柄扁桃林地为研究对象,建立土壤水分定位观测小区,使用CNC503DR型中子仪对2018年7—10月0—300 cm土层土壤水分进行测定,并分析不同坡位条件下长柄扁桃林地生长季土壤水分时空变化特征。[结果](1)坡顶与坡上0—300 cm土壤剖面含水量随土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小,之后趋于稳定的变化趋势,而坡中(上、下)与坡底表现为类似S形的变化规律,土壤含水量表现为:坡底坡中(上)坡上≥坡顶坡中(下);(2)坡底土壤含水量表现出强变异性,其他4种坡位条件下为中等变异;(3)不同坡位条件下蒸散发表现为:坡底坡顶坡中(下)坡上坡中(上),坡上属强变异,而坡底则表现出中等变异且变异系数最小。[结论]不同坡位条件对固定沙丘土壤水分及蒸散耗水具有重要影响,坡底土壤含水量及蒸散发量均最大,且具有较强的不稳定性。     

Polymorphic mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in a coastal riverscape: size class assemblages,distribution, and habitat associations

We compared the assemblage structure, spatial distributions, and habitat associations of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) morphotypes and size classes. We hypothesised that morphotypes would have different spatial distributions and would be associated with different habitat features based on feeding behaviour and diet. Spatially continuous sampling was conducted over a broad extent (29 km) in the Calawah River, WA (USA). Whitefish were enumerated via snorkelling in three size classes: small (10–29 cm), medium (30–49 cm), and large (≥50 cm). We identified morphotypes based on head and snout morphology: a pinocchio form that had an elongated snout and a normal form with a blunted snout. Large size classes of both morphotypes were distributed downstream of small and medium size classes, and normal whitefish were distributed downstream of pinocchio whitefish. Ordination of whitefish assemblages with nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that normal whitefish size classes were associated with higher gradient and depth, whereas pinocchio whitefish size classes were positively associated with pool area, distance upstream, and depth. Reach‐scale generalised additive models indicated that normal whitefish relative density was associated with larger substrate size in downstream reaches (R² = 0.64), and pinocchio whitefish were associated with greater stream depth in the reaches farther upstream (R² = 0.87). These results suggest broad‐scale spatial segregation (1–10 km), particularly between larger and more phenotypically extreme individuals. These results provide the first perspective on spatial distributions and habitat relationships of polymorphic mountain whitefish.     

关于地理空间数据整合与持续高效更新存在的问题分析

文章针对当前地理空间数据整合与持续高效更新所存在的问题,在地理空间数据更新中引入了“数据同化”这一思想和概念,对持续高效更新存在的问题及“地理空间数据同化”的涵义和关键技术进行了论述.     

基于GIS的低温冷冻灾害风险性评估

为了提高低温冷冻灾害的防御能力，为政府部门制定防灾减灾规划提供科学依据。本研究基于自然灾害形成机理及风险评估原理，以济南市长清区为例，利用气候资料、历史灾情数据、地理信息数据及社会经济等资料，采用层次分析法和加权综合评价法，借助GIS空间分析技术，通过对致灾因子危险性、敏感性、易损性和防灾减灾能力4个评价指标的空间评价，实现了对长清区低温冷冻灾害的风险性评估和综合区划。结果表明：长清区低温冷冻灾害总体表现为空间化强，没有规则的分布规律，综合风险性总体水平较高。文昌街道办事处、五峰山街道办事处、双泉乡的部分地区综合风险性最高，属于低温冷冻灾害的重点防御区域；轻、低风险主要分布在平安街道办事处、万德镇、马山镇、崮云湖街道办事处的部分辖区。该评估结果将对本地区农作物的种植规划及灾害防御措施的制定提供参考依据。     

甘肃黄河三峡景区旅游资源空间结构研究

旅游空间结构是旅游系统功能组织方式在空间上的投影或表象,其空间结构是否合理直接影响到旅游目的地旅游业的发展态势。黄河三峡景区凭借其丰富、独特的资源优势,已成为黄河流域最著名的景区之一。受河谷地带的基础性影响,其资源类型、空间结构、游览线路等表现出典型的空间特征,深刻影响着景区旅游空间格局。借助Arc GIS空间网络分析模块和Excel平台,对黄河三峡景区旅游资源空间结构进行定量分析,发现旅游资源空间分布呈集聚态势,基尼系数高达0.755,分布均匀度仅为0.245;采用最邻近指数和Voronoi多边形的变异系数分析空间分布类型;用地理集中指数和基尼系数分析空间分布均衡性,运用β指数、γ指数和α指数刻画空间连接度。结果表明:景区内旅游资源的空间分布均匀度低,呈多中心集聚分布。这既有利于景区内各景点之间的整合和旅游规模效应的产生,又可以减弱区间屏蔽作用等外部不经济性。景区内各景点之间的交通网络密度低,空间联系较弱,通达性较低。各景点之间的直接连接较少,旅游路线多为单线往返,缺少串联各个景点的环形线路。     

征地区片综合地价平衡研究──以周口市为例

征地区片价是政府征地时的重要依据,区域之间不合理的征地区片价影响着社会的稳定。为了解决征地区片价之间的平衡问题,笔者以周口市为例,通过建立综合计算指标体系,利用Arc GIS对其进行空间插值,发现现存征地区片价中存在的问题,利用最高级别征地区片价和综合质量分之间的相关关系进行重新平衡调整,建立相应的相关性方程,最后得出平衡后的征地区片价。结果表明:征地区片价的确定是多种因素综合的结果,其区域之间的平衡也受距离、经济、周边地价等多方面的影响,其中,距离中心城镇近的地区最容易受到中心城镇的影响,其综合质量分影响较小,其余位于较外围的地区受综合分值影响较大,交通的便利性是平衡征地区片综合地价的一项关键因素。     

农业面源污染负荷空间分布及风险评价研究进展

为了研究农业面源污染负荷空间分布及风险评估,综述了国内外近10年的最新研究进展,发现在农业面源污染空间分布及风险评估上的研究较多,其中污染的源因子及迁移因子空间分布研究进展颇多,而在综合风险评价上的研究还比较缺乏,对污染负荷的分布特征及其相关性的研究还存在不足,今后还需研究污染负荷分级区划与管理控制措施研究。     

Spatial patterns of the Citrus leprosis virus and its associated mite vector in systems without intervention

Leprosis is caused by the Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type and is vectored by the mite Brevipalpus yothersi. Miticide applications, which cost $54 million annually, are based on inspection for the presence of mites. The aim of the present study was to characterize the spatial patterns of B. yothersi-infested trees and trees with leprosis symptoms for further improvement in sampling and disease control. The presence of mites and the occurrence of leprosis were assessed over two years in 1160 Valencia trees and 720 Natal trees in a commercial sweet orange grove in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. To assess the natural growth and dispersal of mites and leprosis, mite populations were not controlled during the experimental period. Maps of mite-infested trees and trees with leprosis symptoms were analysed at three different levels of spatial hierarchy using complementary methods, i.e. among adjacent trees within and across rows, within quadrats, and the strength and orientation of aggregation among quadrats. The study showed that the spatial patterns of virus-infected and mite-infested trees were different, with a strong aggregation pattern of trees with leprosis symptoms that increased over time. Conversely, the spatial pattern of B. yothersi showed randomness or weak aggregation at all three spatial hierarchical levels. Disease incidence increased steadily in plots of both cultivars, unlike in mite-infested trees where incidence fluctuated over time. These results have important implications for the development of better management strategies for leprosis. Sampling methods and action thresholds for mite control should consider primary disease inoculum in addition to the incidence of mites.     

Soil organic carbon stock variability in the Northern Gangetic Plains of India: interaction between agro‐ecological characteristics and cropping systems

Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and its spatial distribution in the Northern Gangetic Plain (NGP) Zone of India were determined to establish the cause–effect relationship between agro‐ecological characteristics, prevailing crop management practices and SOC stock. Area Spread Index (ASI) approach was used to collect soil samples from the NGP areas supporting predominant cropping systems. Exponential ordinary kriging was found most suitable geo‐statistical model for developing SOC surface maps of the NGP. Predicted surface maps indicated that 43.7% area of NGP had 0.5–0.6% SOC, while the rest of the area was equally distributed with high (0.61–0.75%) and low (< 0.5%) SOC content levels. Averaged across cropping systems, maximum SOC content was recorded in Bhabar and Tarai Zone (BTZ), followed by Central Plain Zone (CPZ), Mid‐Western Plain Zone (MWPZ), Western Plain Zone (WPZ) and South‐Western Plain Zone (SWPZ) of the NGP. The SOC stock was above the optimum threshold (> 12.5 Mg/ha) in 97.8, 57.6 and 46.4% areas of BTZ, CPZ and MWPZ, respectively. Only 9.8 and 0.4% area of WPZ and SWPZ, respectively, had SOC stock above the threshold value. The variation in SOC stock was attributed largely to carbon addition through recycling of organic sources, cropping systems, tillage intensity, crop or residue cover and land‐use efficiency, nutrient‐use pattern, soil texture and prevailing ecosystem. Adoption of conservation agriculture, balanced use of nutrients, inclusion of legumes in cropping systems and agro‐forestry were suggested for enhancing SOC stock in the region.     

基于DMSP/OLS的重庆市夜间灯光与旅游统计数据相关性分析

对重庆市直辖以来的1997年、2002年、2007年、2012年的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据、有关旅游数据进行相关性研究,研究间隔周期为5年,结合使用GIS、SPSS软件进行了数据分析处理。研究结果表明:相关系数为0.99,说明重庆夜间灯光指数与有关旅游数据呈高度及显著的相关性,估算得到的旅游数据密度能够从一定层面反映重庆旅游发展状况的宏观分布现状,可为重庆市作出后期的旅游发展空间分布、相关决策等提供一定的参考。