森林经营对土壤动物影响研究进展

森林经营是实现森林可持续发展的根本途径,土壤动物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,可对森林经营及其带来的变化及时做出反应。为了探讨土壤动物对森林经营措施的响应,归纳总结了森林经营理念的发展以及森林经营对土壤动物影响的文献资料。结果表明森林经营主要通过对地上结构和微环境的改变对地下土壤动物的群落组成、分解功能及生物指示功能等方面产生影响。在今后研究中应加强森林经营对土壤动物连续长期的动态影响研究,同时利用现代研究技术与方法深入探讨森林经营对土壤动物影响的机制研究。     

陆良县林产业发展探析

根据陆良县2018年特色经济林产业、林浆纸产业、林产化工产业、竹藤产业、野生动物驯养繁殖产业、森林生态旅游产业、观赏苗木产业等林产业发展情况进行了分析,找出了陆良县林产业发展存在的问题,相应提出了加快陆良县林产业发展的意见和建议。     

Impact of harvesting and logging slash on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in soils from upland spruce forests in northeastern Ontario

The potential impact of timber harvesting in the boreal forest on aquatic ecosystem water quality and productivity depends in part on the production of nutrients within the soil of the harvested catchment. Nitrogen supplied by organic matter decomposition is of particular interest because of the important role that N plays in biotic processes in surface waters, and in forest nutrition in general. Logging slash quality and input to the forest floor has the potential to influence N availability after harvest on clearcut sites. Net production of organic and inorganic-N and microbial biomass C and N concentrations were determined during a 90-day laboratory incubation at constant temperature and moisture. Incubated soils included F horizon and shallow mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm) from unharvested and full-tree harvested (2 and 12 growing seasons since harvest) boreal forest sites at the Esker Lakes Research Area (ELRA), in northeastern Ontario, Canada. In an ancillary experiment, black spruce foliage was added to unharvested forest floor material after 30 days during a 90-day laboratory incubation to simulate the influence of logging slash from full-tree harvesting on C and N dynamics. Twelve-year old clearcut F horizon material released on average 75 and 5 times more -N and 3 and 2 times as much inorganic-N than soil collected from unharvested and 2-year-old clearcuts, respectively. This increase in -N accumulation during the incubation was accompanied by decreases in both exchangeable -N and microbial biomass C and N levels. Net daily changes in microbial biomass N were significantly related to organic and inorganic-N accumulation or loss within the F horizon. Mineral soil release of inorganic-N was lower than release from the forest floor. Nitrate-nitrogen accumulation was lower, and -N accumulation was higher in mineral soil from unharvested sites when compared to 12-year-old clearcuts. Calculated harvest response ratios indicated that incubated mineral soil from the 12-year-old clearcut sites released significantly greater amounts of -N than 2-year-old clearcuts. Incorporation of black spruce needles into F horizon material reduced the production of organic and inorganic-N and increased microbial biomass N. Laboratory incubations of F horizon and shallow mineral soil from 12-year-old clearcuts suggested that these boreal soils have the capacity for increased inorganic-N production compared to uncut stands several years after harvesting. This has the potential to increase N availability to growing boreal forest plantations and increase N leaching due to greater -N levels in the forest soil.     

Gross nitrogen mineralisation and fungi-to-bacteria ratios are negatively correlated in boreal forests

In terrestrial ecosystems, gross nitrogen mineralisation is positively correlated to microbial biomass but negatively to soil organic matter C-to-N ratios; the influence of the microbial community structure is less well known. Here, we relate rates of gross N mineralisation to fungi-to-bacteria ratios in three natural forest types of contrasting N availability and in a long-term N-loading experiment in a boreal forest. We report, for the first time, a strong negative correlation between gross N mineralisation and the fungi-to-bacteria ratio ( = 0.91, P = 0.0005, N = 7). There was also a negative correlation between gross N mineralisation and the C-to-N ratio ( = 0.89, P = 0.001, N = 7), but a weaker positive correlation between gross N mineralisation and soil pH ( = 0.64, P = 0.019, N = 7). Our analysis suggests that soil fungi-to-bacteria and C-to-N ratios are interrelated and that they exert strong influences on soil N cycling in boreal forests.     

基于自然保护地体系的森林公园规划范围调整思考——以安吉竹乡国家森林公园为例

随着国家自然保护地体系的建立,安吉竹乡国家森林公园也正面临新的机遇与挑战。原规划范围与自然保护区、风景名胜区以及生态红线存在交叉与重叠,亟需进行优化整合。文章从优化整合空间、确定发展定位、明确保护重点、提升资源价值4个方面论述了竹乡国家森林公园的规划策略,分析了调整森林公园经营范围的意义和必要性。文章认为,调整后的竹乡国家森林公园经营范围符合安吉经济社会发展需要,有利于森林公园的经营管理,有利于安吉小鲵国家级自然保护区保护,同时能够带动新增地区的生态旅游发展,新规划是可行的。     

贵州赤水楠竹林菌笋复合经营技术

为充分利用楠竹林地空间,提高竹林经济效益,对楠竹林采用丰产技术措施培育笋用林,并在林下种植竹荪,实施菌笋复合经营。结果显示,通过对楠竹林采取调整立竹结构、劈山抚育、林地清理、林地垦复、留笋养竹、病虫害防治等一系列丰产技术措施,竹林春笋产量明显提高,较对照提高62.49%;若同时在林下种植竹荪,则春笋产量更高,较对照增加1.69倍,同时可收获鲜竹荪超过400 kg/667 m²。该研究总结出的一套楠竹林菌笋复合经营技术,具有重要的推广价值。     

筇竹与黄皮树人工混交林中筇竹地上部分生物量模型构建

本研究以筇竹与黄皮树人工混交林中筇竹地上部分为研究对象,测定分析了1~4年生分株地上部分各构件生物量及含水率,建立人工筇竹分株地上部分各构件的生物量及总生物量模型,以期为人工筇竹林的经营管理及其碳汇项目的开发提供科学依据。结果表明：随着筇竹分株年龄的增加,各构件含水率和生物量均逐渐减少,筇竹1~4年生分株地上部分平均含水率分别为57.62%、53.40%、50.01%、42.66%,平均生物量分别为133.99、123.31、109.76、85.39 g/m²;各年龄分株地上部分生物量的分配均呈现出秆＞枝＞叶的变化规律。不同年龄分株的胸径与秆、枝、叶生物量及地上部分总生物量均有极显著相关性(P＜0.01)。以胸径为自变量建立的各年龄筇竹分株地上部分总生物量模型的决定系数(R²)均在0.93以上,具有较高的可信度,也有着较强的适用性,可用于类似立地条件下的筇竹分株生物量估测。     

河南鸡公山林区PM2.5污染与气象因子全年时尺度相关性分析

利用鸡公山林区环境空气质量监测站2019年监测数据,对PM_2.5污染及与气象因子在全年时尺度上的变化和关系进行系统的研究分析。结果表明:1) 林区PM_2.5年均质量浓度为34.48 μg·m^-3。2)降水对PM_2.5污染具有显著的去除作用。3)全年PM_2.5时均质量浓度与对应的气温、气压、空气湿度和风速4个气象因子间存在极显著的多元线性回归关系,且单气象因子对PM_2.5时均质量浓度值的影响均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01)。4) 在时尺度上,各单气象因子与PM_2.5质量浓度间的回归模型精度较低。为此,采取各单气象因子的等值点、小梯度递增与对应的PM_2.5质量浓度值域一并平均后再回归,显著提高了两者间的回归精度,更适于通过单气象因子估算PM_2.5质量浓度。研究结果揭示了林区PM_2.5污染特征,可为区域大气污染联防联治和景区森林旅游资源开发提供参考。     

杉木×观光木异龄复层混交对林木生长及土壤理化性质的影响

为探究杉木纯林引入观光木转化为异龄复层林后土壤理化性质和土壤养分含量的变化特征,以及驱动土壤肥力变化的主要影响因子,以观光木纯林、杉木纯林和杉木林下套种观光木形成的杉木×观光木异龄复层林为对象,测定了3种林型下林分生长、林地土壤理化性质和养分含量及其化学计量比等指标,分析杉木×观光木异龄复层林林分结构、林木生长和土壤肥力质量特点。结果表明:1）异龄复层林中观光木和杉木的树高、胸径分别为5.3 m、2.52 cm和18.56 m、20.19 cm,显著高于纯林;2）3种林型间土壤物理性质差异显著。异龄复层林相比较纯林,土壤密度降低4.84%～11.94%,土壤孔隙度分别增加10.29%～22.27%,持水量增加8.62%～34.54%,有效改善了土壤孔隙结构和持水状况。3）各层土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K及速效养分与观光木、杉木纯林均差异显著,土壤养分含量随着土层加深而递减。各养分含量分别比杉木、观光木纯林高出7.87%～41.31%、14.32%～53.57%,各层土壤有机质和养分含量由大到小呈现为:异龄复层林、杉木纯林、观光木纯林。4）异龄复层林中C∶N、C∶P平均值分别为16.62、61.46,均低于杉木和观光木纯林,促进了土壤中N、P的有效释放。因此,在异龄复层林中观光木获得更适宜其生长的良好的遮阴环境,2个树种间形成生态位互补,提高了空间和自然资源的利用率,促进了树木生长。异龄复层林能显著提高土壤有机碳和养分含量,且明显高于纯林,在杉木林中套种观光木能加快土壤微生物的转化和矿化作用。     

北京市经济林生态系统服务功能评估

依照《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721-2008）,以北京市13个区县、14个经济林树种为研究对象,定量评估北京市经济林生态系统服务功能。结果表明,北京市年经济林生态系统涵养水源和保育土壤等7项评估指标总价值为78.41亿元,以涵养水源（30.15亿元·a^-1）、固碳释氧（17.42亿元·a^-1）、净化大气环境（11.59亿元·a^-1）为主;北京市各区经济林生态系统中密云区、平谷区和怀柔区的服务价值相对高于其他区县;以板栗林生态服务价值量较高（29.90%）;北京市各项生态服务功能空间分布格局由大到小基本呈现为:东北部、西北部、西南部、东南部、中部。