水稻对稻飞虱抵御机制研究

为更好地利用水稻自身抵御能力遏制稻飞虱为害,综述了水稻抵御稻飞虱的物理、生化效应和机制的研究现状。水稻抵御稻飞虱的物理机制包括宏观的水稻叶脉间距、宽度,钩毛和纤细毛密度、长度,硅含量和微观的粗纤维、胼胝质含量及叶绿体膜稳定性;生化机制涉及水分、可溶性糖、叶绿素、游离氨基、酶物质活性及挥发物的含量。国内外虽广泛涉及水稻自身固有的物理结构及体内生理生化物质对稻飞虱的抵御效应研究,但其分子机理研究较为匮乏,尚需深入系统的研究。     

保护地黄瓜新品种唐杂6 号的选育

唐杂6 号是以雌性系S16 为母本，以自交系S26 为父本配制的强雌型黄瓜一代杂种。生长势强，商品瓜短棒状， 瓜长12～14 cm，横径4.0～4.3 cm，非特异性环境下雌花率95% 以上，瓜皮嫩绿有光泽，白刺，刺瘤稀小，平均单瓜质量 131.8 g 左右，高抗霜霉病，抗细菌性角斑病，耐白粉病；春保护地栽培平均产量可达8 000 kg·（667 m²） ^-1，秋冬保护地栽 培产量可达6 500 kg·（667 m²） ^-1；适合河北、北京、天津及东北地区春、秋保护地种植。     

具有III型分泌系统的Pseudomonas moraviensis FP1761植物益生功能及其全基因组分析

 本研究从节瓜根际分离到一株具有防病促生功能的荧光类假单胞菌FP1761。该菌株对部分植物病原真菌和细菌具有拮抗能力,能够解钾、解有机磷和无机磷,可产生氨、蛋白酶、嗜铁素、吲哚乙酸。生物测定表明菌株FP1761可显著促进小麦生长。生理生化、平均核苷酸相似度、16S rDNA和多基因分析将FP1761鉴定为摩拉维亚假单胞菌(Pseudomonas moraviensis)。菌株FP1761基因组草图全长6.12 Mb,(G+C)含量为59.9%,共编码5467个基因序列。将该菌株与种内3个代表性菌株进行泛基因组和核心基因组分析,共产生 4 357个共有基因,菌株FP1761特有基因327个。利用antiSMASH对菌株次生代谢基因簇进行预测,发现其含有8个潜在的次生代谢产物基因簇。其中两个基因簇与嗜铁素pyoverdine合成相关,未见聚酮类合成基因。基因组分析发现,该菌株具有与病原性假单胞菌相似的III型分泌系统,但丢失了效应蛋白调控因子hrpS和转运相关的hrpH和hrpK1基因。对全基因组扫描,菌株FP1761仅保留了病原性假单胞菌的保守效应蛋白AvrE和HopAA1-1。FP1761是目前已发现的唯一具有III型分泌系统的摩拉维亚假单胞菌。本研究表明摩拉维亚假单胞菌FP1761具有潜在的植物防病促生功能,但其III型分泌系统与植物益生互作机制有待进一步解析。     

Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Physical Characteristics as Affected by Land Uses under Semiarid Irrigated Conditions

ABSTRACT

Rice-Wheat rotation is the dominant land use in the state of Punjab, resulting in over exploitation of ground water resources. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate other land uses that requires less water and are sustainable. The present investigation was planned with four land uses viz., fallow (FLU), rice-wheat (ALU), grasses (GLU) and pear (PLU) with respect to their effect on soil organic carbon and soil physical characteristics in surface and subsurface depth in district Ludhiana, Punjab. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was higher by 10, 30.9 and 24.9% under rice-wheat, grasses, and pear than that under fallow. The grasses showed higher soil moisture characteristics curve (SMCC) and lower bulk density (Db) than that under rice-wheat. The larger mean weight diameter (MWD) were observed under pear, grasses and fallow than that under rice-wheat by 0.21, 0.51 and 0.41 mm, respectively. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) was higher in magnitude by 56.1, 55.4 and 28%, respectively under PLU, GLU and FLU over ALU. Of the evaluated land uses, pear and grasses proved to be more sustainable by retaining more moisture, maintaining better soil physical characteristics and SOC under semiarid irrigated conditions in the state on long term gradual response.     

翻心型大白菜新品种连狮1 号的选育

连狮1 号是以连云港地区菜农提供的中狮头自留种为原始种，经4 代自交提纯选育成的大白菜新品种。株型紧凑， 整齐度较好，叶球为长筒翻心形，叶片呈长倒卵形，叶表面具有较深核桃纹并带稀疏茸毛。株高35 cm，外叶数约10 片， 叶球高28～32 cm、横径22～27 cm，单个叶球质量3.5～4.0 kg，每667 m² 叶球产量4 700 kg 左右，净菜率达83%。生育期 为90～95 d（天），田间抗病毒病、霜霉病、根肿病能力优于对照中狮头，适合在江苏、安徽、山东等地及其相近气候条件 地区秋季种植。     

Revisiting rice breeding methods – evaluating the use of rapid generation advance (RGA) for routine rice breeding

Rice production needs to increase in the future in order to meet increasing demands. The development of new improved and higher yielding varieties more quickly will be needed to meet this demand. However, most rice breeding programmes in the world have not changed in several decades. In this article, we revisit the evidence in favour of using rapid generation advance (RGA) as a routine breeding method. We describe preliminary activities at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to re-establish RGA on a large scale as the main breeding method for irrigated rice breeding. We also describe experiences from the early adoption at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Evaluation of RGA breeding lines at IRRI for yield, flowering time and plant height indicated transgressive segregation for all traits. Some RGA lines were also higher yielding than the check varieties. The cost advantages of using RGA compared to the pedigree method were also empirically determined by performing an economic analysis. This indicated that RGA is several times more cost effective and advantages will be realized after 1 year even if facilities need to be built. Based on our experience, and previous independent research empirically testing the RGA method in rice, we recommend that this method should be implemented for routine rice breeding in order to improve breeding efficiency.     

The Use of a Metabolic Disorder Index as a Predictor for Metabolic Eliminations in Endurance Horses

The equine endurance race involves both aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms of the horse. The intense physical activity over an extended period often causes susceptible horses to develop metabolic signs or problems resulting in elimination from races. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a method for prediction and validation of a metabolic disorder index (MDI) to be used before endurance races. Three hundred seventy-five Arabian (n = 152) and Arabian cross (n = 223) endurance horses aged from 6 to 15 years and weighing between 350 and 450 kg were selected for the study in Malaysia. Blood samples were collected at pre- and post-race periods. The significant (P < .05) findings in horses with metabolic disorder were packed cell volume (0.50 ± 0.06 LL−1), creatine kinase (1,275.89 ± 121.45 UL−1), interleukin-6 (2.01 ± 0.89 ng/mL), decreased glutathione reductase (26.57 ± 3.95 ng/mL), and chloride (94.98 ± 8.12 mmol/L). A new method called MDI was developed as a predictor for horses with the potential to develop metabolic disorders in endurance races. The MDI indicated a higher value greater than 5.5 for those eliminated and lower value below 5.5 for those that completed the race successfully, this proved to be accurate in the prediction of metabolic disorder in endurance horses. The MDI is an innovative and simple method used as a prediction method that will assist the equine endurance society to reduce the rate of elimination and to safeguard against serious medical problems during endurance races in the tropics.     

大豆对大豆胞囊线虫侵染的应答机制研究

大豆胞囊线虫病(Heterodera glycines,soybean cyst nematode,SCN)是大豆生产上的重要病害,其特点为危害重、分布广、难防治,每年对大豆生产造成极大的损失。种植大豆抗性新品种是防治SCN目前最为有效的措施,研究大豆对SCN侵染的应答机制,是培育大豆持久抗病品种的前提,对加快抗线虫品种选育及SCN的防控具有重要的意义。本文综述了大豆对SCN侵染的组织细胞学应答机制;介绍了大豆在SCN侵染后酶系变化及酚类代谢的生理生化应答机制;从分子水平阐明了SCN侵染后大豆的基因转录变化,差异蛋白及DNA甲基化的应答机制,以期为大豆胞囊线虫病害的进一步研究与防治提供参考。     

十里香茶离体培养及再生体系研究

为了保护珍贵的十里香茶树资源,掌握利于十里香茶的最优组培条件,本研究对十里香茶组培过程中外植体类型、消毒时间、培养基添加物及培养条件进行了筛选。结果表明,采用轻微木质化的带腋芽茎段经升汞消毒15 min,接种后暗培养5 d,MS+0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA培养基中添加3 mg·L^-1 PVP+2000 mg·L^-1 Vc或者6 mg·L^-1 PVP+3000 mg·L^-1 AC,可在低污染率的前提下将褐化率降为10%左右,一定程度上解决了茶树组培中褐化率高的难题;采用1/8 MS+1 mg·L^-1 IBA培养基有利于外植体生根且增殖迅速。本研究建立了十里香茶的无菌苗离体培养及再生体系,可通过组培手段对其进行大量繁殖。     

橡胶园酸性、中性土壤交换性钙、镁测定方法研究

为了获得简单、易操作、准确度高的橡胶园酸性、中性土壤交换性钙、镁测定方法,本试验通过响应面优化试验,建立称样量、提取液体积、提取方式与交换性钙测定结果之间的数学模型。结果表明：在25℃条件下,以1 mol/L的乙酸铵为土壤浸提液,称样量为2 g、提取液体积175 mL、振荡36 min,为橡胶园酸性、中性土壤的最佳提取条件。将上述条件下得到的结果与标准方法条件下得到的结果相对比,两结果的相对误差在1.25~3.04之间,均属合理范围。利用标准样品对优化方法进行试验验证,结果与推荐值相符。改进后的方法分析成本低、操作简便、测定结果准确、稳定性好,可用于橡胶园酸性、中性土壤交换性钙、镁的测定。