水稻粉垄耕作生长及生理特性研究

以两系超级杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)桂两优2号为供试品种,通过田间研究比较常规耕作和粉垄耕作条件下水稻生长及生理特性.结果表明,粉垄耕作方式有利于水稻植株分蘖中后期的分蘖生长,全生育期白根多、活力强,叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)极显著高于常规耕作,叶片净光合速率高,并且持绿时间长,利于光合同化物的生产积累;成熟期地上部干物质积累量显著高于常规耕作,有效穗较常规耕作多27.6万/hm2,因而产量增加显著,增产约20.36％.     

响应面法优化香水莲花甾醇的超声提取工艺

为了分析香水莲花的植物甾醇含量并优化其超声提取工艺,采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定香水莲花中菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇和β-谷甾醇的含量,再以上述3种甾醇提取量为评价指标,对液料比、超声提取温度和超声提取时间进行单因素试验,在此基础上,再采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化香水莲花甾醇提取工艺并进行验证。结果表明,影响香水莲花甾醇提取量的主次因素是液料比>提取时间>提取温度,其最优工艺条件为以95%乙醇为提取溶剂、超声功率100 W、液料比30∶1（mL/g）、超声提取温度60 ℃、超声提取时间30 min;在最优工艺条件下进行验证实验,得出香水莲花中甾醇含量为菜籽甾醇64.61 mg/100 g、菜油甾醇40.77 mg/100 g、β-谷甾醇99.04 mg/100 g,总甾醇204.42 mg/100 g,综合评分与预测值相比差异不显著（P<0.05）。研究结果为香水莲花资源的开发和利用提供参考。     

叶面阻隔联合土壤钝化对水稻镉吸收转运的影响

为了探讨叶面阻隔联合钝化对水稻镉吸收转运的影响，实现重金属污染农田稻米安全生产，采用大田试验的方式，选用氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥和活性硅肥作为叶面阻隔剂，硅钙肥和贝壳粉作为土壤钝化剂，在田间共设置7个处理：水稻常规种植（CK），叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥（Se400），叶面喷施活性硅肥（Si1000），叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥的同时分别基施硅钙肥（Se400GG）和贝壳粉（Se400BK），叶面喷施活性硅肥的同时分别基施硅钙肥（Si1000GG）和贝壳粉（Si1000BK）。水稻成熟后对水稻籽粒、颖壳、秸秆、根四部分的镉含量进行检测。结果表明：与对照处理相比，各处理水稻籽粒中镉含量均不同程度降低，且叶面阻隔联合土壤钝化处理的效果更好。Se400GG处理水稻籽粒镉含量下降最明显，降幅为88.13%，水稻籽粒镉含量为（0.18±0.01）mg·kg^-1，低于大米镉限量值0.2 mg·kg^-1（GB 2762—2017）；其次是Si1000GG处理，水稻籽粒镉含量下降了56.77%；单独叶面阻隔的两个处理Si1000和Se400效果较差，水稻籽粒镉含量仅下降了18.28%和9.03%。水稻籽粒镉含量降低的主要原因是水稻各部位的富集系数和转运系数减小，Se400GG和Si1000GG处理水稻根到秸秆的转运系数下降了84.93%和72.60%，水稻籽粒的富集系数下降了87.88%和56.06%，而Se400和Si1000处理水稻根到秸秆的转运系数仅下降46.58%和38.36%，水稻籽粒的富集系数仅下降12.12%和15.91%。可见，叶面阻隔联合钝化技术，尤其是叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥的同时基施硅钙肥能更有效地阻隔水稻对镉的吸收和转运，降低水稻籽粒镉的含量，是值得在镉低污染稻田推广应用的技术。     

Assessment of Vein Diameter and Body Surface Temperature after High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on the Tarsal Joint in Healthy Horses

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on vein diameter and on body surface temperature changes in the tarsal joint area in a group of clinically healthy racehorses. The hypothesis of the study was that HILT increases vein diameter and body surface temperature in healthy tissue. The study involved 16 Thoroughbreds being subjected to ultrasonographic examination to assess changes of diameter of the cranial branch of the medial saphenous vein and thermographic examination to indicate temperature change of the dorsal surface of the tarsal joint, just before and immediately after HILT treatment. Vein diameter and mean surface temperature of the tarsal joint significantly increased after HILT treatment. In addition, the study was the first to describe the photothermal effect of HILT in healthy horses. More studies are necessary to specify the parameters of the procedure, that is, wavelength, energy density, or time of the procedure, depending on the patient’s individual characteristics and type of tissue.     

Land surface temperature retrieval for arid regions based on Landsat-8 TIRS data:a case study in Shihezi,Northwest China

Scientific interest in geophysical information about land surface temperature （LST） is ever increasing, as such information provides a base for a large number of applications, including environmental and agricultural monitoring. Therefore, the research of LST retrieval has become a hot topic. Recent availability of Landsat-8 satel- lite imagery provides a new data source for LST retrieval. Hence, exploring an adaptive method with reliable ac- curacy seems to be essential. In this study, basing on features of Landsat-8 TIRS thermal infrared channels, we re-calculated parameters in the atmospheric transmittance empirical models of the existing split-window algorithm, and estimated the ground emissivity with the help of the land cover classification map of the study area. Further- more, a split-window algorithm was rebuilt by virtual of the estimation model of the updated atmospheric transmit- tance and the ground emissivity, and then a remote sensing retrieval for the LST of Shihezi city in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of Northwest China was conducted on the basis of this modified algorithm. Finally, precision validation of the new model was implemented by using the MODIS LST products. The results showed that the LST retrieval from Landsat-8 TIRS data based on our algorithm has a higher credibility, and the retrieved LST is more consistent with the MODIS LST products. This indicated that the modified algorithm is suitable for retrieving LST with competitive accuracy. With higher resolutions, Landsat-8 TIRS data may provide more accurate observation for LST retrieval.     

Simulation of future dissolved oxygen distribution in pond culture based on sliding window-temporal convolutional network and trend surface analysis

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key ecological factor to measure the quality of water in the aquaculture. As the pond water body is affected by the breeding environment, the spatial distribution of DO shows a certain law in the entire pond. Therefore, to simulate the distribution of DO in aquaculture waters and grasp the temporal and spatial variation of DO is the key to achieving precise regulation of DO. For this purpose, this paper proposed a method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in pond culture based on a sliding window-temporal convolutional network together with trend surface analysis (SW-TCN-TSA). This paper first utilized SW to construct DO data sets with different prediction durations, and then used the improved TCN model to realize one-dimensional time series prediction for DO at single monitoring point. Based on the prediction results of DO, a TSA method was performed on the predicted values of DO at the extreme moments of all discrete monitoring points, so as to realize the simulation of the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in the pond. Experimental results show that the SW-TCN model has better prediction performance for one-dimensional time series prediction of DO. Compared with traditional deep networks, such as CNN, GRU, LSTM, CNN-GRU and CNN-LSTM, the values of evaluation indicators (MSE, MAE and RMSE) have been greatly improved. In the process of trend surface fitting, all fitting R² of DO at different water depths are higher than 0.9, indicating that the TSA can accurately reflect the temporal and spatial distribution of DO. This method can provide a basis for the prediction and early warning of DO in the three-dimensional space of the pond and has high practicability in aquaculture.     

湿法机械处理改善粘胶级竹溶解浆反应性能的研究

为提高溶解浆进行粘胶纤维产品生产的加工性能及减少二硫化碳的排放，采用PFI（papirindustriens forsknings institut）磨打浆和瓦利打浆机打浆这2种湿法机械处理，以改善竹溶解浆的反应性能。以预水解硫酸盐法竹溶解浆为原料，考察PFI磨打浆及瓦利打浆机打浆对溶解浆反应性能及纤维形态的影响，并对同等打浆度条件下的2种湿法机械处理的效果进行比较。PFI磨和瓦利打浆机分别在打浆度为60.5°SR（15 000 r）及36.4°SR（30 min）的优化工艺条件下，Fock反应性能从68.3%分别提高到73.2%和84.0%，粘胶过滤性能由“不通过”到粘胶过滤值分别为3 196.1 s和2 115.6 s。同时，上述2种处理方式均使纤维粗度和长度下降，细小纤维含量、比表面积和总孔隙量增加，且使聚合度损失小。同等打浆度条件下，基于瓦利打浆机对纤维更多的剪切行为，瓦利打浆机打浆对反应性能的提高效果更为显著。     

不同沟垄覆盖下土壤水热效应对旱作马铃薯生长及产量的影响

针对宁南山区春季降雨少、低温不利于马铃薯出苗,而作物生育中后期高温胁迫限制马铃薯块茎形成导致减产等问题,于2016年设置垄覆地膜沟内覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、玉米秸秆(JG)、生物降解膜(SM)、麻纤维地膜(MM)、液态地膜(YM)及沟不覆盖(BM),以传统平作为对照(CK),研究沟垄覆盖模式对土壤温度、土壤水分、旱作马铃薯生长及块茎产量的影响.结果表明:处理DM,SM,MM和YM马铃薯生育期耕层土壤温度表现出增温效应,而处理JG和BM表现为降温效应,其中处理DM增温效果和处理JG降温效果最佳.处理YM,JG对马铃薯生长前期保水效果较好,分别较CK显著提高13.3%,27.0%,而处理JG,DM对生育中后期的保墒效果较佳,分别较CK显著提高22.4%,13.2%.处理JG可显著促进马铃薯生长,其增产效果最为显著,DM次之,分别较CK增产47.8%,44.8%,其他处理较CK差异不具有统计学意义.可见,在宁南山区实施垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆模式可调控土壤水热环境,对旱作马铃薯生长及增产效果最佳.     

东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作土壤侵蚀的对比分析

斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一，但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此，本研究基于室内模拟试验，设计2个降雨强度（50和100 mm/h）以及2种垄作方式（斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作），分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明：（1）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%；但在45 min的降雨过程中，由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象，造成50和100 mm/h两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24和1.03倍。（2）斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，随着降雨历时的变化斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%、平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%，但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大，其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33和1.47倍、平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03和1.62倍。（3）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下，斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系（P<0.01），而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著（P>0.05）；而顺坡垄作在两种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系。（4）在两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此，提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生，是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。     

山地校园不同下垫面雨水径流重金属污染特征和健康风险评估

[目的] 了解山地校园不同下垫面雨水径流重金属污染特征及雨水径流中重金属元素对于人体的健康风险，为山地海绵城市建设提供径流污染控制参考和人员健康保护基础数据。[方法] 2019年7月22日在重庆交通大学针对屋顶、道路、停车场和广场4种典型的下垫面进行了雨水径流的取样监测，并统计分析场次降雨平均浓度（EMC）、电导率（EC）、钠吸附率（SAR）、危险商（HQ）和危险指数（HI）。[结果] 广场径流过程中重金属元素整体变化波动较大，道路雨水径流的重金属健康风险最大而屋顶健康风险最小；大多重金属污染物在产流后的10 min内出现了降幅，其中Fe和Mn的降幅较大，Zn的降幅中等，Cu的降幅最低；As和Cr是雨水径流中健康风险最高的重金属污染物。[结论] 山地校园重金属污染物冲刷速度较快，人流大的下垫面雨水径流中重金属元素变化波动较大，但健康风险较低；车流大的下垫面雨水径流中重金属元素波动较为稳定，但健康风险较高。