不同改良剂对铬胁迫下土壤—小白菜系统的影响

本研究以小白菜为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了石灰、活性炭及石灰+活性炭处理对铬胁迫下小白菜铬吸收量及对铬污染土壤中铬形态分布的影响,旨在阐明改良剂抑制重金属铬对小白菜的毒害作用机理。其研究结果表明:(1)在铬污染土壤中,小白菜不同部位铬含量顺序依次为根>叶>叶柄,改良剂能有效抑制小白菜对土壤中铬的吸收,不同改良剂在不同铬处理下对小白菜吸收铬的抑制效果不同。(2)形态提取分析表明,施用改良剂处理使土壤铬的水溶态、可交换态和碳酸盐结合态减少,而有机结合态和残渣态增加,从而降低小白菜对土壤中铬的吸收。     

连作草莓根际土壤特征及修复技术研究进展

连作障害是制约草莓(Fragaria ananassa)发展的最大因素。笔者对国内外草莓连作障害的研究亮点进行了综述。土壤根际微生物区系变化,有益微生物减少,病原菌增加,有害化感物质积累是产生连作障害的主要原因。杀灭土壤病原菌,去除有害化感物质,把“病土”修复成“健康土”,是克服连作障害,实现草莓连茬种植的根本之路。对草莓连作障害机理的深入研究、土壤修复技术的应用研究仍然是未来发展的方向。     

重金属污染胁迫对杂交狼尾草生理生化特性的影响

为了探讨杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)的耐重金属性,用杂交狼尾草为试验材料,就不同程度重金属污染胁迫对其叶片中叶绿体色素、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛(MDA)质量浓度,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及叶膜电解质相对渗透率的影响进行了研究.结果表明,随着重金属胁迫的加重,杂交狼尾草叶片中的叶绿体色素、可溶性蛋白质质量浓度呈下降趋势,MDA质量浓度和叶膜电解质相对渗透率呈上升趋势,SOD、CAT和POD活性呈先上升后下降趋     

黄土高原地区土壤石油污染状况及生物修复技术研究进展

概述了黄土高原地区土壤石油污染状况及近年来该区油污土壤生物修复的研究进展,分别对微生物、植物及微生物-植物联合修复方法进行综述,强调生物强化技术在生物修复中的突出地位及植物-微生物联合修复方法的应用潜能。由于石油污染物的复杂性,现存技术在实际修复中效果并不明显,提出运用分子生物学技术研究酶功能基因、将代谢组研究融入油污土壤的修复、深入探究植物根际分泌物与微生物作用及菌根真菌生物降解机制的建议,旨在对黄土高原地区石油污染土壤修复探究工作奠定理论基础,对促进黄土高原地区土壤的保护及可持续利用具有重大意义。     

微生物修复污染土壤的应用研究进展

近年来,土壤受污染程度日益严重,在众多土壤污染修复中,微生物修复是最具发展和应用前景的生物修复技术,具有经济和生态双重优势。为微生物在污染土壤修复中的应用及进一步深入研究提供参考,以土壤中多环芳烃、多氯联苯、农药以及重金属为对象,综合评述了不同土壤污染类型的微生物修复研究进展,重点介绍了降解微生物的种类、修复机理和技术方法,指出当前污染土壤微生物修复存在的问题,并对微生物修复污染土壤进行了展望。     

有机物-金属相互作用对重金属负载土柱中粘土矿物吸附剂再生的影响

Natural clay minerals can play an important role in crude remediation of wastewater polluted with the heavy metals (HMs) Cu,Zn and Ni.The presence and timing of addition of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) have a significant effect on the HM removal by clay mineral sorbents.However,the influence of the presence of DOM on the remediation of the used clay mineral sorbents once saturated with HMs is largely unknown.To resolve this,clay mineral-rich soil column of varying composition,loaded (i) with Cu,Zn and Ni only,(ii) first with DOM followed by Cu,Zn and Ni,or (iii) with DOM,Cu,Zn and Ni simultaneously,was used in a set of desorption experiments.The soil columns were leached with 0.001 mol L-1 CaCl2 dissolved in water as control eluent and 0.001 mol L-1 CaCl2 dissolved in DOM as treatment eluent.During the preceding loading phase of the sorbent,the timing of DOM addition (sequential or concurrent with HMs) was found to have a significant influence on the subsequent removal of the HMs.In particular when the column was loaded with DOM and HMs simultaneously,largely irreversible co-precipitation took place.Our results indicate that the regeneration potential of clay mineral sorbents in wastewater treatment will be significantly reduced when the treated water is rich in DOM.In contrast,in manured agricultural fields (where HMs enter together with DOM),HM mobility will be lower than expected from interaction dynamics of HMs and clay minerals.     

鱼稻共生条件下陶粒载体水稻浮床提高细菌活性及多样性

以轻质陶粒为主要原料开发出一种新型生物浮床载体,并通过种植水稻构建了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘水环境进行修复。研究了陶粒载体水稻浮床对精养池塘的水质净化作用,并采用Biolog-ECO技术分析了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘浮游细菌碳源代谢模式和多样性的影响。结果显示,试验组池塘水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)等水质指标在8月份显著低于对照组,高锰酸盐指数(IMn)在8月份和10月份显著低于对照组。试验组池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性(AWCD)、Shannon指数和丰富度指数在8月份显著高于对照塘,Shannon均匀度指数在10月份显著高于对照塘。浮床种植水稻产量达到5 900 kg/hm~2。结果表明陶粒载体水稻浮床在具备一定生产性能基础上,降低了精养池塘水中氮磷营养水平,改变了精养池塘浮游细菌群落碳源利用模式,并提高了池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性和功能多样性。结果可为应用陶粒载体水稻浮床调控池塘水环境提供理论指导。     

2种强化措施辅助紫茉莉修复镉污染土壤研究

[目的]通过2种强化措施,提高紫茉莉的修复效率。[方法]以紫茉莉为材料,实验室模拟受cd污染土壤,进行90d盆栽试验。同时采用2种辅助强化手段（螯合及施肥）,探讨重金属污染土壤的生物修复可行性。[结果]当螯合剂EDTA的浓度为2．0mmol/kg时,紫茉莉对Cd的最大转移系数为3．64,比对照增加了97．83％;施加氮肥可以促进紫菜莉对Cd的吸收,使Cd的总吸收量比对照增加了73．65％。[结论]螯合及施肥2种强化措施提高了紫茉莉的修复能力。     

化学-生物联合技术对重金属-有机物复合污染土壤的修复研究

重金属-有机物复合污染是当今土壤污染中最普遍的一种,利用传统的化学修复法或现阶段比较盛行的各种生物修复法,如超积累植物富集修复、微生物降解修复等都难以对重金属-有机物复合污染土壤进行彻底治理修复。主要就利用化学-生物联合技术修复重金属-有机物复合污染土壤的反应机理以及修复中存在的问题进行研究探讨,并对该技术今后的发展方向进行展望。     

Chitin and Chitosan as Multipurpose Natural Polymers for Groundwater Arsenic Removal and As2O3 Delivery in Tumor Therapy

Chitin and chitosan are natural polysaccharide polymers. These polymers have been used in several agricultural, food protection and nutraceutical applications. Moreover, chitin and chitosan have been also used in biomedical and biotechnological applications as drug delivery systems or in pharmaceutical formulations. So far, there are only few studies dealing with arsenic (As) removal from groundwater using chitin or chitosan and no evidence of the use of these natural polymers for arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) delivery in tumor therapy. Here we suggest that chitin and/or chitosan might have the right properties to be employed as efficient polymers for such applications. Besides, nanotechnology offers suitable tools for the fabrication of novel nanostructured materials of natural origin. Since different nanostructured materials have already been employed successfully in various multidisciplinary fields, we expect that the integration of nanotechnology and natural polymer chemistry will further lead to innovative applications for environment and medicine.